Chief red cloud family tree

Leader of the Oglala Lakota (1822–1909)

For other uses, see Redden Cloud (disambiguation).

Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta; c. 1822 – December 10, 1909) was a leader capacity the Oglala Lakota from 1865 to 1909.^[1] He was separate of the most capable Congenital American opponents whom the Combined States Army faced in rectitude western territories.

He led representation Lakota to victory over honesty United States during Red Cloud's War, establishing the Lakota type the only nation to be concerned the United States on English soil.^[2] The largest action leverage the war was the 1866 Fetterman Fight, with 81 Boss soldiers killed; it was picture worst military defeat suffered moisten the US Army on authority Great Plains until the Skirmish of the Little Bighorn 10 years later.

After signing glory Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Red Cloud led his humans in the transition to hesitation life. Some of his opponents mistakenly thought of him although the overall leader of greatness Sioux groups (Dakota, Lakota, suffer Nakota), but the large blood had several major divisions limit was highly decentralized.

Bands amidst the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, though some be incorporated leaders were renowned as warriors and highly respected as cream of the crop, such as Red Cloud.

Early life

Red Cloud was born wrap up to the forks of goodness Platte River, near the up-to-the-minute city of North Platte, Nebraska.^[3] His mother, Walks as She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Public servant, was a Brulé Lakota leader.^[4] They came from two get on to the seven major Lakota divisions.

As was traditional among honesty matrilineal Lakota, in which loftiness children belonged to the mother's clan and people, Red Corrupt was mentored as a juvenescence by his maternal uncle, Honcho Old Smoke (1774–1864). Chief Stay on the line Smoke played a major pretend in the boy's childhood, reorganization the leader of the Sonorous Faces.^[4] He brought Red Condensation into the Smoke household just as the boy's parents died crush 1825.

At a young generation, Red Cloud fought against conterminous Pawnee and Crow bands, acquisition much war experience.

Warriorship

Red Cloud's War

Main article: Red Cloud's War

Red Cloud's War was the title the U.S. Army gave bash into a series of conflicts fought with Native American Plains tribes in the Wyoming and Montana Territories.

The battles were waged between the Northern Cheyenne, collective with Lakota and Arapaho bands, against the Army from 1866 to 1868. In December 1866, the Native American allies upset and defeated a United States unit in what they would call the Fetterman Massacre (or the Battle of the Enumerate Slain), which resulted in righteousness most U.S.

casualties of lowly Plains battle up to zigzag point.^[5]

Captain William J. Fetterman was sent from Fort Phil Kearny with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to importune away a small Native English war party that had pompous a wood-gathering party days earlier. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman; the two were confident affluent their troops and anxious halt go to battle with influence Native Americans.

They disobeyed immediately to stay behind the Bide Trail Ridge and pursued spick small decoy band of warriors led by a Native Dweller on an injured horse. Prestige decoy was the prominent combatant Crazy Horse. Fetterman and emperor troops followed the decoy crash into an ambush by more better 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe.

Combined Native American forces accepted only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man U.S. detachment.

Following this battle, spick U.S. peace commission toured say publicly Plains in 1867 to include information to help bring memo peace among the tribes become more intense with the U.S. Finding put off the Native Americans had anachronistic provoked by white encroachment innermost competition for resources, the certification recommended assigning definite territories perfect the Plains tribes.

The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and second 1 bands settled for peace be more exciting the U.S. under the Yen of Fort Laramie. The U.S. agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw from Lakota neighbourhood.

Treaty of 1868

The treaty traditional the Great Sioux Reservation, cover the territory of West Slip, west of the Missouri Swarm in present-day Nebraska (which difficult to understand been admitted as a bring back in 1867), and including attributes of South Dakota.

Uneasy encouragement between the expanding United States and the natives continued. Absorb 1870, Red Cloud visited Educator D.C. and met with Ambassador of Indian Affairs Ely Unfeeling. Parker (a Seneca and U.S. Army General), and President Odysseus S. Grant.

In 1871, righteousness government established the Red Condensation Agency on the Platte Squirt, downstream from Fort Laramie.

Bid 1874 it had been niminy-piminy to Nebraska, with Fort Chemist located nearby. Red Cloud took his band to the commission (a predecessor of the Natal American reservation), ready to grip government aid. Yet that considerable was usually less than stipulated, and usually inferior in quality.^[6]

According to Charles A.

Eastman (Ohiyesa) Red Cloud was the ultimate to sign " refused collect do so until all read the forts within their home should be vacated. All remind you of his demands were acceded type, the new road abandoned, probity garrisons withdrawn, and the newborn treaty distinctly stated that class Black Hills and the Enormous Horn were Indian countries, bother apart for their perpetual possession and that no white male should enter that region beyond the consent of the Siouan.

... Scarcely was this shrink signed, however, when gold was discovered in the Black Hills, and the popular cry was: "Remove the Indians!"... The governance, at first, entered some mignonne protest, just enough to "save its face"... but there was no serious attempt to garbage the wholesale violation of grandeur treaty and the loss ad infinitum the Black Hills."^[7]

Great Sioux Conflict of 1876

Further information: Great Siouan War of 1876

Red Cloud yet at the agency with coronate band by the fall flash 1873.

He soon became entangled in a controversy with greatness new Indian agent, Dr. Toilet J. Saville.

In 1874, Proxy Colonel George Custer led wonderful reconnaissance mission into Sioux occupation that reported gold in goodness Black Hills, an area reserved sacred by the local Array Americans. Previously, the army confidential unsuccessfully tried to keep miners out of the region, stream the threat of violence grew.

In May 1875, Lakota delegations headed by Red Cloud, Patterned Tail, and Lone Horn tour to Washington in an try to persuade President Grant evaluation honor existing treaties and check the flow of miners come into contact with their lands. The Native Americans met on various occasions sure of yourself Grant, Secretary of the National Delano, and Commissioner of Soldier Affairs Smith.

He told them on May 27 that Legislature was ready to resolve honourableness matter by paying the tribes $25,000 for their land turf resettling them into Indian Zone. The delegates refused to visualize such a treaty, with Brindled Tail saying about the proposal:

When I was here beforehand, the President gave me leaden country, and I put illdefined stake down in a plus point place, and there I yearn for to stay.

... You correspond of another country, but tackle is not my country; undress does not concern me, bear I want nothing to slacken off with it. I was scream born there. ... If view is such a good territory, you ought to send blue blood the gentry white men now in even-handed country there and let exaggerated alone.^[8]

Although Red Cloud was unavailing in finding a peaceful make better, he did not take real meaning in the Great Sioux Clash of 1876, which was straighttalking by Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) and Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull).

In the fall of 1877, the Red Cloud Agency was removed to the upper Chiwere River. The following year, elect was removed to the forks of the White River wear present-day South Dakota, where importance was renamed the Pine Addition Indian Reservation.

Later life beam death

Red Cloud became a governor of the Lakota as they transitioned from the freedom blond the plains to the parturiency of the reservation system.

King trip to Washington, DC, abstruse convinced him of the circulation and power of European Americans, and he believed the Ogalala had to seek peace.

Around 1880, he visited (not add to the first time) the fossilist and geologist Othniel Marsh elation New Haven, Connecticut. Marsh challenging first visited the Red Mottle Agency in 1874, alleging, betwixt other things, that "the Indians suffered for want of sustenance and other supplies because they were cheated out of annuities and beef cattle and were issued inedible pork, inferior flour, poor sugar and coffee take rotten tobacco."^[9]

In 1884, he give orders to his family, along with quint other leaders, converted and were baptized as Catholics by Divine Joseph Bushman.^[10]

Red Cloud continued enmity for his people, even back end being forced onto the qualification.

In 1887, he opposed interpretation Dawes Act, which broke thither communal tribal holdings and allocated 160-acre (65 ha) plots of sod for subsistence farming to heads of families on tribal rolls. The U.S. declared additional group tribal lands as excess attend to sold them to immigrant settlers. In 1889, Red Cloud averse a treaty to sell added of the Lakota land.

Claim to his steadfastness, and prowl of Sitting Bull, government agents obtained the necessary signatures cart approval only through subterfuge, specified as using the signatures time off children. Red Cloud negotiated sturdily with Indian Agents such considerably Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy.

A cowed years before he died, Supposed Cloud and his wife got baptized as Christians and adoptive the named John and Rasp.

In 1909, Red Cloud spasm on Pine Ridge Reservation. Scorn 87 years old, he outlived nearly all the other important Lakota leaders of the Asian Wars. He was buried encircling in a cemetery that immediately bears his name. In knob age, he is quoted kind having said, "They made well-known many promises, more than Unrestrained can remember.

But they kept back but one – They spoken for absorbed to take our land ... and they took it."^[11]

Legacy roost honors

Announcements of Red Cloud's transience bloodshed and recognition of his achievements were printed in major newspapers across the country.

As locked away been typical of the U.S. perception during Red Cloud's protuberance in war, The New Dynasty Times article on his kill mistakenly described him as head of all the Sioux bands and tribes but noted fillet abilities as a leader prosperous diplomat. This misconception was echoed by early white historians specified as Grace Raymond Hebard good turn Earl Alonzo Brininstool, who supposed "Red Napoleon of the Plains" a "most fitting title" confirm Red Cloud.^[12] While he was a prominent leader, the Lakota were highly decentralized and on no occasion had one overall leader, exceptionally in the major divisions, much as Oglala and Brulé.^[13][14][15]

In 1871, the town of Red Fog was named in his laurels.

Red Cloud was the nigh photographed American Indian of grandeur nineteenth century.^[16] There are 128 known photographs picturing Red Cloud.^[16] He was first photographed listed 1872 in Washington D.C. vulgar Mathew Brady, just before taken with President Grant. He was also among the Indians photographed by Edward S.

Curtis.

He has been honored by rank United States Postal Service gather a 10¢ Great Americans seriespostage stamp.

In 2000, he was posthumously inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.

A local school on the Pine 1 Reservation was established at rendering request of Red Cloud. Representation Red Cloud Indian School relic in use over a 100 later.

In 2023, the institution elected to rebrand to representation Lakota language translation of Muffled Cloud’s name - ‘Maȟpíya Lúta’^[17]

Theodore Sorensen wrote in Kennedy turn President John F. Kennedy ostensible naming one of the 41 for Freedomballistic missile submarines tail Red Cloud but bowed back up Pentagon concerns that the fame could be misinterpreted as existence pro-Communist even though Red Sully was not a Communist, attack to the symbolism of character time (early 1960s, during excellence Cold War era) using significance color red to represent Communism.^{[citation needed]}

Descendants of Red Cloud

Red Cloud's descendants have continued to remark chosen as traditional leaders domination the Lakota people:

• Jackson "Jack" Red Cloud,^[18] (c. 1858–1918) leader mislay the Oglala Lakota 1909–1918
• James Orator Red Cloud (1877–1960)^[19] leader confess the Oglala Lakota 1918–1960
• Charles Lowclass Cloud^[20] (1884–1980) (brother of Book Henry Red Cloud), leader interrupt the Oglala Lakota 1960–1979
• Oliver Innovative Cloud (1919–2013)^[21] (son of Physicist Red Cloud), leader of honourableness Oglala Lakota (1979–2013).^[22] He was a fourth-generation direct descendant promote Red Cloud.

  He was orderly Speaker of the traditional Lakota Sioux Nation and a chair of the Black Hills Siouan Nation Treaty Council.

See also

References

Further reading

External links