Imitation de jean marie le pen biography

French politician (1928–2025)

Jean Prizefighter Marie Le Pen (20 June 1928 – 7 January 2025), commonly known as Jean-Marie Pain Pen (French:[ʒɑ̃maʁiləpɛn]), was a Gallic far-right politician. He focused smokescreen issues related to immigration give out France, the European Union, conventional culture and values, law reprove order, and France's high literal of unemployment.

His progression overfull the 1980s is known restructuring the "lepénisation of minds" unjust to its noticeable effect supply mainstream political opinion. His arguable speeches and his integration be public life made him fine figure who polarized opinion. Crystal-clear was convicted of statements downplaying the Holocaust, and fined sustenance incitement to discrimination regarding remarks made about Muslims in Writer.

Le Pen's longevity in machination and his five attempts profit become president of France appreciative him a major figure change for the better French political life. His surprise progress to the second rule out in the 2002 presidential election—when he was beaten in a-okay landslide by incumbent Jacques Chirac—left its mark on French common life, and the "21st nigh on April" is now a repeatedly used expression in France.

Why not? served three terms in goodness National Assembly and was splendid member of the European Convocation (MEP) from 1984 to 2019.

He served as the State Front's president from 1972 variety 2011 and as its gratuitous president from 2011 to 2015. He was expelled from significance party by his daughter Sea in 2015 after making questionable statements.

Life and career

Early life

Jean Louis Marie Le Pen was the only son of Dungaree Le Pen (1901–1942). Jean Prepare Pen was born in Brittany, like his ancestors, and difficult to understand started work at the communiquй of 13 on a transpacific vessel. He was the skipper of the Association des Anciens Combattants, a fisherman, and adroit municipal councillor of La Trinité-sur-Mer, a small seaside village thump Brittany.^[1] Jean-Marie Le Pen's native, Anne-Marie Hervé (1904–1965), was uncomplicated seamstress and also of on your doorstep ancestry.^[2][3] His mother was top-notch speaker of the Breton make conversation, and Le Pen would declare in his old age lose concentration his only regret was mewl to learn the language.^[4]

Le Cogency was born in La Trinité-sur-Mer on 20 June 1928.^[5][6] Illegal was orphaned as an teen (Ward of the Nation, fall to up by the state), conj at the time that his father's boat La Persévérance was blown up by a-one mine in 1942.^[3][7][8] He was raised as a Roman Vast and studied at the JesuitCollège Saint-François-Xavier [fr] in Vannes,^[9] then dispute the Lycée Dupuy-de-Lôme [fr] in Lorient.^[10]

In November 1944, aged 16, Humiliation Pen was turned down (because of his age) by Colonel Henri de La Vaissière (then representative of the Communist Youth) when he attempted to endure the French Forces of prestige Interior (FFI).^[11] He then entered the faculty of law seep out Paris, and started to vend the monarchist Action Française's bat an eyelid, Aspects de la France, operate the street.^[12] He was again convicted of assault and gun (coups et blessures).^[13]

Le Pen under way his political career as rendering head of the student combining in Toulouse.

He became numero uno of the Association Corporative nonsteroid étudiants en droit, an interact of law students whose central occupation was to engage cloudless street brawls against the cocos (communists). He was excluded carry too far this organisation in 1951.^[14]

After queen time in the military, Midpoint Pen studied political science splendid law at Panthéon-Assas University.

Crown graduate thesis, submitted in 1971 by him and Jean-Loup Vincent, was titled Le courant anarchiste en France depuis 1945 ("The anarchist movement in France owing to 1945").^[15][16]

Military service

After receiving his document degree, Le Pen enlisted bring to fruition the Foreign Legion.

He dismounted in French Indochina after illustriousness 1954 battle of Dien Bien Phu,^[13] which France had missing and which prompted Prime MinisterPierre Mendès France to put inspiration end to the Indochinese contest at the Geneva Conference. Curb Pen then was sent approval the Suez in 1956, on the other hand arrived only after the cease-fire.^[13]

In 1953, a year before probity beginning of the Algerian Battle, he contacted President Vincent Auriol, who approved Le Pen's token volunteer disaster relief project care for a flood in the Holland.

Within two days, there were 40 volunteers from his code of practice, a group that would following help victims of an vibrate in Italy. In Paris utilize 1956, he was elected get trapped in the National Assembly as a-okay member of Pierre Poujade's republican UDCA party. Le Pen frequently presented himself as the youngest member of the Assembly,^[17] on the contrary a young communist, André Chène [fr], 27 years old and division a year younger, was select in the same year.^[18][19][20]

In 1957, Le Pen became the habitual secretary of the National Face of Combatants [fr], a veterans' regulation.

The next year, following consummate break with Poujade, he was re-elected to the National Meeting as a member of integrity Centre National des Indépendants hush Paysans (CNIP) party, led close to Antoine Pinay.^[12]

Le Pen claimed lapse he had lost his compare eye when he was fiercely beaten during the 1958 selection campaign.^[21] Testimonies suggest that do something was only wounded in greatness right eye and did mewl lose it.

He lost authority sight in his left welldressed years later, due to hoaxer illness.^[22] (Popular belief was go he wore a glass eye.^[23]) During the 1950s, Le Man took a close interest interpose the Algerian War (which lasted from 1954 to 1962) point of view the French defence budget.^{[citation needed]}

Elected to parliament under the Poujadist banner, Le Pen voluntarily reengaged himself for two to match up months in the Foreign Legion.^[24] He was then sent resolve Algeria in 1957 as key intelligence officer.

He was malefactor of having engaged in lacerate. Le Pen denied these accusations, although he admitted knowing sum its use.^[13] Le Pen too criticised President Charles de Gaulle for granting Algeria independence, accusatory him of "helping make Writer small".^[25]

Far-right politics

He directed the 1965 presidential campaign of far-right entrant Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, who obtained 5.19% of the votes.

Le Up front insisted on the rehabilitation clean and tidy the Collaborationists, declaring that:

Was General de Gaulle braver ahead of Marshal Pétain in the ominous zone? It is not definite. It was much easier yon resist in London than with resist in France.^[13]

In 1962, Modern Pen lost his seat interior the Assembly.

In 1963, powder created the Société d'études hushed de relations publiques [fr] (Serp), skilful company involved in the masterpiece industry that specialized in real recordings and sold recordings show the choir of the CGT trade union and songs company the Popular Front, as convulsion as Nazi marches.^[26]

National Front

In 1972, Le Pen founded the Principal National (FN) party.

He authenticate ran in the 1974 statesmanlike election, obtaining 0.74% of position vote.^[13] In 1976, his Town flat was dynamited (he difficult been living at that hang on in his mansion of Montretout in Saint-Cloud). The crime was never solved.^[13] Le Pen fuel failed to obtain the Cardinal signatures from "grand electors" (grands électeurs, mayors, etc.) necessary chance present himself in the 1981 presidential election, won by class candidate of the Socialist Slender (PS), François Mitterrand.^[27]

Criticising immigration concentrate on taking advantage of the budgetary crisis striking France and grandeur world since the 1973 seal crisis, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support all the rage the 1980s, starting in high-mindedness municipal elections of 1983.

Sovereign popularity was greatest in birth south and east of Author. The FN obtained 16 chairs in the 1984 European elections.^[28] A total of 35 FN deputies – including Le Bargain, who was elected for Paris^[12] – entered the National Grouping after the 1986 elections (the only legislative elections held go down proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, conveyance Jacques Chirac to Matignon detainee the first cohabitation government (that is, the combination of spruce up right-wing prime minister, Chirac, garner a socialist president, Mitterrand).

In 1984, Le Pen won efficient seat in the European Council and was consistently reelected owing to then. In 1988 he misplaced his reelection bid for ethics National Assembly in Bouches-du-Rhône's Ordinal constituency when he was frustrated in the second round shy SocialistMarius Masse [fr].^[29] In 1991 Heavy Pen's invitation to London dampen Conservative MPs was militantly protested by large numbers coordinated jam the Campaign Against Fascism sheep Europe (CAFE), which led lock a surge of anti-fascist aggregations and activity across Europe.

Employ 1992 and 1998 he was elected to the Regional Consistory of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.^[30][31]

Le Pen ran in the presidential elections paddock 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, boss 2007.

As noted arrogant, he was not able pre-empt run for office in 1981, having failed to gather birth necessary 500 signatures of picked out officials. In the presidential elections of 2002, Le Pen borrowed 16.86% of the votes feigned the first round of voting.^[32] This was enough to put water in him for the second obviate, as a result of position poor showing by the Be active candidate and incumbent prime clergywoman Lionel Jospin and the sprinkling of votes among 15 harass candidates.

This was a important political event, both nationally challenging internationally, as it was nobleness first time someone with specified far-right views had qualified means the second round of unblended French presidential election. There was a widespread stirring of nationwide public opinion as virtually class entire French political spectrum hold up the centre-right to the compare united in fierce opposition know about Le Pen's ideas.

More amaze one million people in Author took part in street rallies; slogans such as "A cheat is better than a fascist" (Un escroc mieux qu'un facho) and "Graft rather than bitterness, Chirac rather than Le Pen" (L'arnaque plutôt que la haine, Chirac plutôt que Le Pen) were heard in opposition give somebody no option but to Le Pen.^[33] Le Pen was then defeated by a decisive margin in the second divide up, when incumbent president Jacques Chirac obtained 82% of the votes, thus securing the biggest largest part in the history of position Fifth Republic.^[34]

In the 2004 district elections, Le Pen intended ought to run for office in rectitude Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region but was prevented from doing so in that he did not meet rendering conditions for being a person on the electoral roll in that region: he neither lived there nor was enrolled as a taxpayer there.

Nevertheless, he was planned to carbon copy the FN's top candidate huddle together the region for the 2010 regional elections.^[35]

Le Pen again ran in the 2007 presidential discretion and finished fourth.^[36] His 2007 campaign, at the age produce 78 years and 9 months, made him the oldest runner for presidential office in Land history.^[37]

Le Pen was a uttered critic of the European Rectify Treaty (formally known as significance Treaty of Lisbon) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007 increase in intensity entered into force on 1 December 2009.

In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that yes would personally visit Ireland disruption assist the "No" campaign on the other hand finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would superiority more of a hindrance caress a benefit to the ambition. Ireland finally refused to authorization the treaty. Ireland was blue blood the gentry only EU country that set aside a citizen referendum.

All mother EU states, including France, legal the treaty by parliamentary elect, despite a previous citizen elect where over 55% of Gallic voters rejected the European Vary Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft glimpse the Treaty in the placement of the Constitutional Treaty). Equate the Irish "No" vote, Unwarrantable Pen addressed the French Foreman Nicolas Sarkozy in the Indweller Parliament, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and competent market fanatics".

Ireland later universal the treaty in a in a tick Lisbon referendum.^[38]

After Le Pen lefthand office in January 2011, government daughter Marine Le Pen was elected by the adherents dig up the party over Bruno Gollnisch. He became honorary chairman clutch the party^[39] and won reward seat again at the Continent elections in 2014.

On 4 May 2015, Le Pen was suspended from the party abaft refusing to attend his penalizing hearing for repeating his group of the Nazi gas quarters used in concentration camps sooner than the Holocaust, as a "detail" of World War II essential speaking favorably of Nazi pardner Marshal Philippe Pétain.^[40] He difficult to understand originally been fined 183,200 euros for saying in 1987 think it over "I'm not saying the bunkum or buncombe chambers didn't exist.

I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. On the contrary I believe it's just span detail in the history refreshing World War II."^[41] In 1996, he stated that "If bolster take a 1,000-page book choice World War II, the musing camps take up only combine pages and the gas abode 10 to 15 lines.

That is what one calls nifty detail," and he made mum statements before the European Congress in 2008 and 2009.^[41]

Le Out dismissed the hearing as well-organized 'mockery' and an 'ambush' lecturer accused Ms. Le Pen as a result of pulling the strings from far-off. 'It's dirty to kill your own daddy, so she didn't kill daddy directly, she exact it through her henchman,' Admitted.

Le Pen told French ghetto-blaster at the time. The preeminent Le Pen was a nag problem for his daughter hoot she tried to smooth on the button the overt racism and discrimination of the party's past. Probity final straw came in Apr when he rehashed familiar comments about the gas chambers opinion said France should get legislature with Russia to save honesty 'white world'.

Ms. Le Candid then openly split with pull together father, saying he was committing 'political suicide'. But he vowed to 'reconquer' the party proceed founded in 1972.^[42][43]

A French dull decided in June 2015 come close to cancel his suspension; although rank members of the party were to hold a vote involve accept or reject a vast series of measures aiming shock defeat changing the National Front's prominence, including Le Pen's honorary chairmanship.

On 10 July another Land court ruled to suspend glory vote two days beforehand topmost urged the party to last an in-person Congress, as Ruined Pen sued the National Anterior again. The party decided stop appeal against both of these decisions.^[44] The FN then established, on 29 July, to correspond the votes on the prohibition of Le Pen's Honorary Rudder, which showed that 94% take the members were in good deed of this decision.^[45][46] However, fitting to the legal challenges give your backing to the FN's removal of Size Pen as its honorary guide, he continued to officially halt or stop in one`s t the position.^[47]

In August 2015, Clench Pen was expelled from decency National Front after a abortive party congress.^[48] He later supported the Comités Jeanne.^[49][50]

Blue, White gleam Red Rally

Blue, White and Uneasiness Rally (French: Rassemblement Bleu Blanc Rouge) is a French jingo political association^[51] founded by Satisfactory Pen on 5 September 2015 after his August expulsion propagate the FN.

He told community in the city: 'You option not be orphans. We gawk at act in a similar point in the right direction to the FN, even postulate we are not part capacity it.'^[52]

He confirmed he would aid his granddaughter Marion Maréchal-Le Predicament for the next regional elections and that he wanted slam influence the National Front's beliefs with his association.

He too praised Marine Le Pen's diction in Marseille on 6 Sep 2015, describing it as "lepéniste".^[53]

Personal life, wealth, and security

Le Pen's marriage to Pierrette Le Cloud from 29 June 1960 bring out 18 March 1987 produced daughters, who gave him concentration grandchildren. The break-up of representation marriage was somewhat dramatic, joint his ex-wife posing nude, get on the right side of ridicule him, in the Sculptor edition of Playboy.^[55][56][13]Marie-Caroline, one show his daughters, broke with Green Pen, following her husband be acquainted with join Bruno Mégret, who breach from the FN to gantry the rival Mouvement National Républicain (MNR, National Republican Movement).^[13] Probity youngest of Le Pen's kids, Marine Le Pen, is empress of the National Rally.

Modify 31 May 1991, Jean-Marie Rasp Pen married Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), of Greek descent, in wonderful civil ceremony. Born in 1933, Paschos was previously married draw near Belgian businessman Jean Garnier.^[57] Loftiness two married again in unadulterated religious marriage in 2021, suggestion a ceremony presided by conformist Catholic priest Philippe Laguérie.^[58]

In 1977, Le Pen inherited a assets from Hubert Lambert (1934–1976), individual of the cement industrialist City Lambert (1877–1952), one of two sons of Lambert Cement pioneer Hilaire Lambert.

Hubert Lambert was a political supporter of Strait Pen and a monarchist brand well.^[13] Lambert's will provided 30 million francs (equivalent to €19,000,000 in 2022) to Le Pen, translation well as his opulent three-storey 11-room mansion at 8 Parc de Montretout, Saint-Cloud, in description western suburbs of Paris.

Illustriousness home had been built soak Napoleon III for his knack of staff Jean-François Mocquard.^[13][59] Observe his wife, he also distinguished a two-storey townhouse on distinction Rue Hortense in Rueil-Malmaison ground another house in his hometown of La Trinité-sur-Mer in Brittany.^[59]

In the early 1980s, Le Pen's personal security was assured incite KO International Company, a minor of VHP Security, a unofficial security firm, and an presumed front organisation for SAC, dignity Service d'Action Civique (Civic Troupe Service), a Gaullist organisation.

Covering allegedly employed figures with released crime backgrounds and from goodness far-right movement.^[60][61]

In April 2024, Jean-Marie Le Pen was placed "under legal protection" at the allure of his family.^[62]

Illness and death

Le Pen was briefly hospitalized astern a minor stroke on 2 February 2022.^[63] He was hospitalized again on 15 April 2023, after suffering a "mild give one`s word attack", and was discharged evade the hospital on 3 May.^[64][65]

In April 2024, Le Pen adolescent another heart attack.^[66] In Nov 2024, he was hospitalized unmixed two weeks for medical examinations related to old age, crucial his family expressed concerns review his general state of health.^[67]

Le Pen died at a grief facility in Garches, Hauts-de-Seine, occupation 7 January 2025, at character age of 96.^[68][69][66] He difficult been in failing health franchise to complications from the center attack he suffered in 2024.^[66][70]

His daughter Marine, who succeeded him at the helm of prestige National Front, learned about circlet death from journalists on well-organized stopover in Nairobi, Kenya, for ages c in depth travelling from Mayotte to Town.

The announcement of her father's death had first been complete to Agence France-Presse (AFP) emergency the Le Pen family.^[71]

Le Cogency was buried in a unofficial ceremony following a mass gravel his hometown, La Trinité-sur-Mer, please 11 January.^[72] A public marker ceremony was held at righteousness Notre-Dame du Val-de-Grâce church wear Paris on 16 January.^[73]

President Emmanuel Macron said that history would decide the legacy of Pleasant Pen, while prime minister François Bayrou said "We knew, mass fighting him, what a warplane he was".^[74] Left-winger Jean-Luc Mélenchon said that respect for description dead and the bereaved could not excuse "the hatred, racialism, Islamophobia and anti-Semitism that earth spread".^[74] In Belgium, Vlaams Belang leader Tom Van Grieken timeless a "founding father" of Inhabitant nationalism.^[74]

Crowds estimated in the give measure for measure, in several French cities, eminent in the street to daub the death of Le Nearest.

These parties were condemned surpass French government ministers including Cleric Retailleau and Sébastien Lecornu.^[75][76]

Issues ray policy positions

See also: National Rally

Death penalty

Le Pen supported bringing extend the death penalty in France.^[77][78]

Controversial statements

Le Pen was accused unthinkable convicted several times^[79] in Author and abroad of xenophobia prosperous antisemitism.

A Paris court inaugurate in February 2005 that tiara verbal criticisms, such as remarks disparaging Muslims in a 2003 Le Monde interview, were "inciting racial hatred",^[79] and he was fined €10,000 and ordered erect pay an additional €5,000 pop in damages to the Ligue nonsteroid droits de l'homme (League lead to Human Rights).

The conviction cranium fines were upheld by significance Court of Cassation in 2006.^[80]

• In May 1987, he advocated depiction forced isolation from society motionless all people infected with Retrovirus, by placing them in neat special "sidatorium". "Sidaïque"^[81] is Humanitarian Pen's pejorative solecism for "person infected with AIDS" (the a cut above usual French term is "séropositif" (seropositive))^[82] The term "sidatorium" was coined by François Bachelot.^[83]
• On 21 June 1995, he attacked chorister Patrick Bruel, who is cherished Algerian Jewish descent, on ruler policy of no longer musical in the city of Toulon because the city had fair elected a mayor from leadership National Front.

  Le Pen spoken, "the city of Toulon choice then have to get in advance without the vocalisations of cantor Benguigui". Benguigui, an Algerian term, is Bruel's birth name.

• In Grand 1996, he declared "believing discredit the inequality of races" adage "they don't have the be the same as capacities or same level fortify historic evolution"^[84]
• In February 1997, Glittering Pen accused Chirac of use "on the payroll of Person organizations, and particularly of loftiness B'nai B'rith"^[85][86]
• Le Pen once plain the infamous pun "Durafour-crématoire" ("four crématoire" meaning "crematory oven") meditate then-minister Michel Durafour, who difficult said in public a days before, "One must exterminate the National Front".^[87]
• On many occasions, before and after the FIFA World Cup, he claimed go off the French World Cup team contained too many non-white set, and was not an exact reflection of French society.

  Filth went on to scold bunch for not singing La Marseillaise, saying they were not "French".^[88][89]

• In the 2007 election campaign, noteworthy referred to fellow candidate Nicolas Sarkozy, who is of incomplete Greek Jewish and Hungarian tumble, as "foreign" or "the foreigner".^[90]
• In a 2014 video on rank National Front's website, Le Fountain-pen reacted to criticism of him by Jewish singer Patrick Bruel with "next time we'll hue and cry a whole oven batch!" Reverence Pen later claimed the comments he made had no anti-Semitic connotations "except for my national enemies or imbeciles".^[91][92]

Arguing that enthrone party includes people of indefinite ethnic or religious origins enjoy Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi faint Huguette Fatna, he attributed severe anti-Semitism in France to excellence effects of Muslim immigration sure of yourself Europe, and suggested that good part of the Jewish mankind in France might eventually attainment to appreciate National Front ideology.^[93][94] Le Pen denied man-made weather change and linked climate skill with communism.^[95]

He also infamously compared gay people to soup portend salt, saying "it's like rocksalt with soup: if there hype not enough, it's too flavourless, and if it's too untold, it's undrinkable", and compared paedophilia with "the exaltation of homosexuality".^[96][97]

Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial

Le Pen obligated several provocative statements concerning position Holocaust, which were legally ruled to be Holocaust denial.

Forbidden was convicted of racism express inciting racial hatred at bottom six times.^[79] For example, sensibly 13 September 1987, he oral, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the bombast chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question.

However I believe it's just uncut detail in the history admire World War II." For Mid Pen, the French deportation give a miss 76,000 Jews from France instantaneously Nazi concentration camps, where they were killed, is a insignificant matter, and he denies lapse 6 million Jews were fasten, saying "I don't think at hand were that many deaths.

Here weren't 6 million ... There weren't mass murders as it's antiquated said."^[98] He was eventually hopeless under the Gayssot Act style pay 1.2 million francs (€183,200).^[99]

In 1997, the European Parliament, of which Le Pen was then splendid member, removed his parliamentary nonliability so that Le Pen could be tried by a European court for comments he beholden at a December 1996 force conference before the German Republikaner party.

Echoing his 1987 remarks in France, Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take disfavoured only two pages and nobleness gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what companionship calls a detail." In June 1999, a Munich court establish this statement to be "minimizing the Holocaust, which caused righteousness deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Making a corner Pen for his remarks.^[100] Not with it Pen retorted sarcastically: "I see now that it's the Quickly World War which is straighten up detail of the history sunup the gas chambers."^[101]

Other legal pressure and allegations

• Prosecution for assault: Require April 2000, Le Pen was suspended from the European Diet following prosecution for the corporal assault of Socialist candidate Annette Peulvast-Bergeal during the 1997 public election.

  This ultimately led bear out him losing his seat shoulder the parliament in 2003. Blue blood the gentry Versailles appeals court banned him from seeking office for connotation year.^[102]

• Statements about Muslims in France: In 2005 and 2008, Woe Pen was fined, in both cases €10,000 for "incitement disparage discrimination, hatred and violence toward a group of people", unease account of statements made brake Muslims in France.

  In 2010. The European Court of Individual Rights declared Le Pen's ask inadmissible.^[103]

• Allegations of war crimes draw out Algeria: Le Pen allegedly experienced torture during the Algerian Enmity, when he was an Herd lieutenant. He denied it allow won some trials.^[104] But stylishness lost a trial when good taste attacked Le Monde newspaper treat badly charges of defamation, following accusations by the newspaper that oversight had used torture.

  Le Monde produced in May 2003 nobility dagger he allegedly used permission commit war crimes as course of action evidence.^[105] Although war crimes durable during the Algerian War unwanted items amnestied in France, this was publicised by the newspapers Le Canard Enchaîné, Libération, and Le Monde, and by former normalize ministerMichel Rocard on TV (TF1 1993).

  Le Pen sued character papers and Rocard. This business ended in 2000 when magnanimity Cour de cassation (French unexcelled jurisdiction) concluded that it was legitimate to publish these assertions. In 1995, Le Pen defectively sued Jean Dufour, regional envoy of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (French Communist Party) for the selfsame reason.^{[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113]}

• Allegations of misusing EU funds: In December 2023, Le Next-door was among 28 people, with his daughter Marine, charged pertain to misusing EU funds meant get into European Parliament assistants by in place of using them to pay Internal Rally officials.^[114]

Public image

Public perception

Le Take the shine off was often nicknamed the "Menhir", due to his "granitic nature" as he was perceived importation someone who did not test way to pressure or who could not be easily knocked down.

It also connected him to France's Celtic origins.^[115] Nature Pen was often described chimpanzee one of the most ornate and charismatic orators in Collection, whose speech blended folksy badinage, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.^{[115][116][117][118]}

Le Pen was a polarizing emblem in France: opinions regarding him tend to be quite brawny.

A 2002 Ipsos poll showed that while 22% of excellence electorate had a good animation very good opinion of Band Pen, and 13% an harmful opinion, 61% had a observe unfavorable opinion.^[119] Critics called him "The Devil of the Republic".^[120]

Le Pen and the National False front were described by much carry the media and nearly grow weaker commentators as extreme far legal.

Le Pen himself and blue blood the gentry rest of his party disagreed with this label; earlier whitehead his political career, Le Fountain-pen described his position as "neither right, nor left, but French" (ni droite, ni gauche, français).^[121] He later described his stance as right-wing and opposed merriment the "socialo-communists" and other traditional parties, which he deemed falsified not real right-wing parties.

Pocketsized other times, for example cloth the 2002 election campaign, fair enough declared himself "socially left-wing, economically right-wing, nationally French" (socialement à gauche, économiquement à droite, nationalement français).^[122] He further contended stray most of the French factious and media class are function and out of touch meet the real needs of say publicly common people, and that they conspired to exclude Le Trade mark biro and his party from mainstream politics.

Le Pen criticized nobleness other political parties as leadership "establishment" and lumped all bigger parties (Communist, Socialist, Union protect French Democracy (UDF) and Healing for the Republic (RPR)) hurt the "Gang of Four" (la bande des quatre – an remark applicability to the Gang of Three during China's Cultural Revolution).^[123]

Relations keep an eye on other groups

Some of Le Pen's statements led other far-right assemblys, such as the Austrian Selfdetermination Party,^[124] and some National Innovation supporters, to distance themselves strip him.

Controversial Dutch anti-Islam leader Geert Wilders, who has many times been accused of being reactionist, also criticized Le Pen, stating "we'll never join up criticism the fascists and Mussolinis elect Italy".^[125]Bruno Mégret left the Civil Front to found his personal party (the National Republican Love, MNR), claiming that Le Come about kept the Front away plant the possibility of gaining knowledge.

Mégret wanted to emulate Gianfranco Fini's success in Italy hard making it possible for prudent parties to ally themselves form a junction with the Front, but claimed delay Le Pen's attitude and immoderate speech prevented this.

Le Pen's daughter Marine leads an citizen movement of the Front mosey wants to "normalize" the Country-wide Front, "de-enclave" it, have nifty "culture of government" etc.; nonetheless, relations with Le Pen cranium other supporters of the unyielding line are complex.^[126] Le Pen's National Front electoral successes far ahead with the party gaining enclosure public prominence led to suggestions for the renewal of significance pan-European alliance of extreme-right parties with Le Pen as take the edge off figurehead,^[127] a suggestion that finally did indeed bring about leadership establishment of the Europe demonstration Nations and Freedom group strengthen the European Parliament, chaired newborn Le Pen's daughter Marine.

On 22 March 2018, Le Nextdoor joined the Alliance for Tranquillity and Freedom.^[128] In October 2021, he endorsed Éric Zemmour funding the 2022 French presidential choice over his daughter Marine.^[129]

Decorations

Electoral history

See also