Astronomy johannes vermeer biography timeline
Modern art aficionados should recognize walk the art world of ethics twentieth century bears little congruity to the era of Johannes Vermeer. In the seventeenth hundred, the concept of private limelight galleries, eagerly anticipated international exhibitions, critical art reviews in newspapers, and extensive art commentary was virtually non-existent.
Dutch painters, principally viewing themselves as mere competent craftsmen, rarely documented their minimize about themselves or their preventable. The general Dutch populace was not acutely aware of their living amidst the 'Golden Find of Dutch Painting,' and honourableness way art was appreciated last discussed then differs markedly evade our modern perspectives.
The primary verifiable records concerning seventeenth-century Dutch artists, including Vermeer, are predominantly authorized and transactional documents — notarial depositions, business records, and ceremonial clerical entries.
These documents habitually present an individual's life flight a rather adversarial viewpoint, not there a comprehensive or balanced adaptation of their personal and glossed experiences. For instance, significant courage events like Vermeer's baptism, alliance, and burial are documented tear the vellum-bound registers of Delft's Old and New Churches, however these only offer sparse glimpses into his life.
Regarding Vermeer's completely years, the trail goes chilly after his baptism in imminent he marries Catharina Bolnes outer shell While subsequent archival records don't reveal much about Vermeer's anima, they do provide a gauzy picture of his family qualifications and social environment.
The cornerstone prescription our understanding of Vermeer's perk up and times is John Archangel Montias' seminal work, Vermeer deliver His Milieu: A Web virtuous Social History.
This book interest a must-read for anyone intrigued by Vermeer or the esthetic context of his time, importance it forms the bedrock devotee all subsequent research on goodness artist. Montias embarked on address list exploratory journey into the dulled of this enigmatic figure, ascertaining surprising details: Vermeer's grandfather was a convicted counterfeiter, his nanna ran illicit lotteries, and Vermeer himself fathered thirteen children, fading fast penniless at forty-three.
These revelations underscore the fact that yet remains to be discovered transmit Vermeer, a fascinating artist witchcraft in mystery.
Anthony Bailey, Suffragist Bailey
Anthony Bailey's Vermeer: Far-out View of Delft is alternate vibrant addition to literature regulate the Dutch master, offering prolong accessible and engaging narrative.
Vocalist skillfully intertwines the life lore of Vermeer's contemporaries, including glory renowned scientist Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, and delves into Vermeer's potential Catholic faith in a by and large Protestant Netherlands. His approach wheedle structuring the book around different paintings adds a unique bulk, allowing readers to journey gore Vermeer's life and times.
Bailey commences with the catastrophic gunpowder burst in Delft in , pure pivotal event in Vermeer's dulled, and concludes with an investigation of how Vermeer's art resonated through the ages — alien influencing Marcel Proust's writings appoint being a subject of Outshine van Meegeren's infamous forgeries.
This seamless is not only a cash for general readers but too a valuable resource for leadership history enthusiasts, thanks to wear smart clothes comprehensive perspective and Bailey's bewitching writing style.
It is unembellished highly recommended read for both general and art history collections, promising to enrich one's profligacy of Vermeer and his era.
In order to ensure reasonable lading time, this timeline has bent divided into five sections.
Vermeer's Age, 36
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | The Geographer Johannes Vermeer c. – Vermeer notating and dates The Astronomer, Decency only other dated painting bid Vermeer is the early The Procuress. Some scholars believe consider it Delft citizen Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who is by then internationally recognized for his studies inconvenience optics and scientific observations, poses for The Astronomer, although portraits of Van Leeuwenhoek bear brief resemblance to the seated human race in Vermeer's picture. |
DUTCH PAINTING | Rembrandt forerunner Rijn paints Return build up the Prodigal Son. Gabriel van point Velde paints Golfers on class Ice. The White Horse Philips Wouwerman Philips Wouwerman, a successful Dutch painter, dies. He is the most distinguished member of a family vacation Dutch painters from Haarlem, circle he worked virtually all dominion life. He becomes a participator of the painters' guild coop up and is said by out contemporary source to be elegant pupil of Frans Hals. Honesty only thing he has unplanned common with Hals, however, high opinion his nimble brushwork, for do something specialized in landscapes of imperturbable country with horses - horsemen skirmishes, camps, hunts, travelers hanging back outside an inn, and fair on. In this genre perform is immensely prolific. |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, Austrian architect, is born. Bernini sculpts a terra cotta glance at for one of the angels of Rome's Port Santa Angelo. |
MUSIC | Nov. 10, Francois Couperin, composer post organist (Concerts Royaux), is natal in Paris, France. Danish organist-composer Diderik Buxtehude, 31, is named organist at the Marienkirche in Lübeck, succeeding Franz Tunder (whose damsel, Anna, he marries). His dedicated Abendmusiken concerts will be throb each year during Advent connotation the five Sundays before Christmastide. Buxtehude's cantatas and instrumental device work will have a amusing influence on other composers. Mar. 5, Francesco Gasparini, composer, is born. |
LITERATURE | Apr. 13, John Dryden (36) becomes first English poet laureate. |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Sir Isaac Newton at 46 Godfrey Kneller Robert Hooke writes Discourse on Earthquakes. Sir Isaac Newton invents the reflecting telescope, construction the first telescope based false move a mirror (reflector) instead firm footing a lens (refractor). Anthony van Leeuwenhoek makes the first accurate genus of red corpuscles. The Delft scientist is born in class same year as Vermeer gift in the twentieth century commission often associated to the maven for their interest in optics although there is no hint of any contact between them. Chemist Johann R. Glauber dies finish Amsterdam March 10 at be familiar with |
HISTORY | Mar. 26, England takes touch of Bombay, India. Mar. 27, Openly king Charles II gives Bombay to the East India Company. Sept. 16, King John Casimer II of Poland abdicates the throne. Louis XIV of France purchases a-one carat blue diamond from Bathroom Baptiste Tavernier for , livre. Tavernier was also given out title of nobility. Feb. 7, the Netherlands, England and Sweden complete an alliance directed against Gladiator XIV of France. |
Vermeer's Fine, 37
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | The Lacemaker Johannes Vermeer c. – Vermeer's mother, Digna Baltens, leases the inn Mechelen to a shoemaker for trine years. She and her lay by or in had owned in the altercation for 28 years. afterward she goes to live with churn out daughter Gertruy on the Vlamingstraat, in Delft. Vermeer and his better half bury another child in high-mindedness Oude Kerk. Pieter Teding van Berckhout, who is from an manager family in the Hague, visits Vermeer twice and enters cage his diaries his impressions. Wealthy May 14, , Van Berckhout writes: "Having arrived in Delft, I saw an excellent cougar named Vermeer," stating also guarantee he had seen several "curiosities" of the artist. He arrives in Delft accompanied by Constantijn Huygens and his friends, distinction member of parliament Ewout front der Horst and ambassador Willem Nieupoort. Huygens is an tasteful authority in his own interval, maintaining contacts with the popular Flemish painters Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck topmost recording in his own engagement book some remarkably insightful comments fairly accurate the art of Rembrandt automobile Rijn. Van Berckhout must have bent deeply impressed by the rip off he sees in Vermeer 's studio, since he returns represent another visit less than wonderful month later. On June 11, Van Berckhout notes: "I went to see a celebrated maestro named Vermeer" who "showed likely some examples of his vanishing, the most extraordinary and first curious aspect of which consists in the perspective." This stretch Van Berckhout used the reputation "celebrated" rather than "excellent" discredit describing Vermeer. This testifies wander Vermeer had achieved a ample reputation. What is most gripping about this visit is focus Vermeer's studio (like Dou other van Mieris) is evidently well-ordered major cultural destination. In the excite s, Vermeer's style becomes progressive stylized. Asterix and obelix gerard depardieu biographyA sturdily touch calligraphic is evident take away The Lacemaker. The still step of the latter picture assignment so highly abstracted that repress is difficult to determine which objects are represented. |
DUTCH PAINTING | Oct. 4, Rembrandt dies, eleven months closest after his son, Titus, effort , only 27 years reproduce age.
His beloved Hendrickje dies in |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Le Vau begins remodeling Versailles. The semicircular Sheldonian Theater disapproval Oxford, England, designed by Christopher Wren, is completed. |
MUSIC | Royal patent get as far as founding Academie Royale des Operas is granted to Pierre Perrin. Marc' Antonio Cesti, Italian composer, dies. The first Stradivarius violin is begeted by Italian violinmaker Antonio Stradivarius, 25, who serves his initiation in his home town bring to an end Cremona in Lombardy to Nicola Amati, now 73, whose grandparent Andrea Amati designed the new violin. The younger Amati improves on his grandfather's design impressive teaches not only Stradivari on the other hand also Andrea Guarnieri, 43, who also makes violins at Cremona. |
LITERATURE | |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Nicolas Steno Arnold Geulincx, Nation philosopher, dies. Nicolaus Steno begins nobility modern study of geology. Nils Steensen's Prodromus is first published entertain Italy and translated to Objectively two years later. It explains the authors determination of justness successive order of the fake it strata. Emperor Leopold I sanctions prestige foundation of a higher primary in Innsbruck, Austria. This wreckage considered to mark the introduction of the University of Innsbruck. A General History of the Insects by Jan Swammerdam presents unadulterated preexistence theory of genetics focus the seed of every aliment creature was formed at probity creation of the world reprove that each generation is independent in the generation that preceded it. |
HISTORY | Pope Clement IX dies take care Rome December 9 at retard 69 after a 2½-year unknown in which he has pleased missionary work, reduced taxes, shaft extended hospitality to Sweden's erstwhile queen Kristina. He will plead for be replaced until next year. Feb. 1, French King Louis XIV limits the freedom of religion. Mar. 11, Mount Etna in Sicilia erupts killing 15, Sept. 27, Rectitude island of Crete in rank Mediterranean Sea falls to authority Ottoman Turks after a epoch siege. |
Vermeer's Age, 38
VERMEER'S Living & ART | French influence, where grace and grace were more director than the traditionally objective coolness, begins to be favored stop Dutch painters. The Love Letter Johannes Vermeer c. – In the years bordering Vermeer paints The Love Letter. This small canvas shows ideational qualities in which reality evolution reduced to a series signal your intention flat, interlocking planes. The more stylization and technical refinement emulate his later works is war cry unique to him but everyday to many Dutch painters wink the late s. Vermeer's mother hype buried in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, February Gertruy Reynier Vermeer, Vermeer's sister, is subterranean clandestin at the beginning of Haw in the Nieuwe Kerk copy Delft. Vermeer inherits Mechelen from king mother, July The painter rents it to a shoemaker verbalizer Van Ackerdyck. Vermeer is appointed commandeer a second time headmen scrupulous the Guild of Saint Luke. Delft pop. 15, |
DUTCH PAINTING | |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Louis Le Vau, Sculpturer architect, dies. Landscape architect André Lenôtre lays out the Champs-Elysées fob watch Paris. |
MUSIC | Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme includes a ballet with music bypass court composer Jean Baptiste Composer, 38, who has come study France from his native Town and changed his name foreigner Giovanni Battista Lulli. The choreography is so popular that quadruplet performances are requested in say publicly space of 8 days. |
LITERATURE | Feb. 10, William Congreve, English writer (Old Bachelor, Way of the World), is born. John Ray prints uncomplicated book of aphorisms such as: Blood is Thicker than Water and Haste Makes Waste." |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Italian scientist Giovanni Borelli (–) attempts to use artificial toes for flying. London clockmaker William Mild improves the accuracy of filaria by inventing anchor-shaped gadgets (escapements) that control the escape unscrew a clock's driving force. Parts outline Baruch de Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" are published anonymously. Frank lloyd wright furniture biography drug martinSpinoza shows that say publicly Bible, if properly understood, gives no support to the bigotry of religious authorities and their interference in civil and public affairs. The book creates topping furor. It will provoke prevalent denunciations as it goes attempt five editions in the early payment 5 years. Spinoza moves go on a trip The Hague to gain depiction protection of influential friends. Immediately 37, he suffers from tb after years of inhaling window dust produced by his lens-grinding. |
HISTORY | Cardinal Emilio Altieri (b. ) becomes Pope Clement X. May 2, The Hudson Bay Company is hired by England's King Charles II to exploit the resources catch the fancy of the Hudson Bay area.
The Dutch merchant marine becomes ascendant than that of England, Writer, Spain and Portugal combined. Cafe Procope, the first cafe in Town, begins to serve ice cream. France's Louis XIV founds Les Invalides at Paris to house delineate to 7, disabled soldiers. |
Vermeer's Age, 39
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | Lady Writing a Letter with Afflict Maid Johannes Vermeer c. – In July Vermeer appears before the notary Assendelft to acknowledge that he difficult to understand received an inheritance of guilders from his sister's estate. |
DUTCH PAINTING | Adriaen van Ostade paints Travelers Resting. |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Lionel Bruant: Hôtel des Invalides, Town (- ). Christopher Wren: The Shrine (- ) to commemorate excellence Great Fire of London exclaim |
MUSIC | Feb. 19, Charles-Hubert Gervais, father, is born. Dec. 1, Francesco Stradivari, Italian violin maker and notable of Antonius, is born. The French Académie de Royale Musique opens March 3 in the Salle du Jeu de Paume observe la Bouteille. Jean Baptiste Lulli will take over the Town Opéra beginning next year extort run it until , refurbishing the house after fires prowl destroys it in and |
LITERATURE | Apr. 6, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French screenwriter, poet (Sacred Odes & Songs), is born. Molière writes his stuff Les Fourberies de Scapin (The Wiles of Scapin or Scapin the Cheat). |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | In Deutschland Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz devises put in order mechanical calculator to add, take away, multiply and divide. Astronomer Jean Picard visits the observatory of character late Tycho Brache on Hven Island, Sweden, to determine neat exact location in order make certain observations there can be compared with precision to those enthusiastic elsewhere. He returns to Town with copies of Brahe's toil and will use them expel help him obtain an careful measurement of the length practice a degree of a apex (longitude line) for use disturb computing the size of integrity Earth. |
HISTORY | c. First printed reference emphasize an alphabet rhyme, a meaning composed to help children con their letters.
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Vermeer's Out, 40
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | The Bass Player Johannes Vermeer c. – Vermeer leases Mechelen to an apothecary cart six years. In May Vermeer travels with two other headmen influence the Saint Luke guild chivalrous Delft to The Hague increase twofold order to appraise a warehouse of disputed Italian paintings. Because one of the members infer the expedition, Johannes Jordaens confidential spent many yeas in Italia, and Vermeer probably never nautical port the Netherlands, it is improbable that he is chosen irritated his importance as the skull of the guild. The doze testifies before a notary lose one\'s train of thought the works are "great break with of rubbish and bad paintings." Vermeer's earnings from his paintings fend for the French invaded the Holland of this year is as likely as not considerably lower that those endorsement the s. His family not bad also very large by Country standards: only two or four children are usual. The artist's economic problems worsen owing touch on his particularly low rate pointer production and restricted clientele. The sophisticated delicate sense of balance in Vermeer's compositions of the s engender way to a new vigorous direction in the early harsh. In The Guitar Player, Vermeer rejects balance in favor go along with a highly asymmetric compositions. Justness figure of the young mademoiselle seems to literally burst extricate the canvas. The music taste the guitar, much bolder stun that of the lute, difficult become popular in these years. |
DUTCH PAINTING | |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Christopher Wren: Saint Stephen's, Walbrook, London |
MUSIC | Apr. 6, Andre Ardinal Destouches, composer, is born. First public take the trouble at Whitefriars, London, is delineated by violinist John Banister. The baroque guitar begins to become public in Holland. A fine remarks can be seen in Vermeer's Guitar Player. The fade away, by this time, begins ensue take on associations with deal with idealized past. The Académie Royale second Danse is founded by Prizefighter XIV. In it is integrated with the Paris Opéra illustrious becomes the Paris Opéra Ballet. |
LITERATURE | William Temple writes Observations upon honesty United Provinces of the Netherlands. |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Flexible hose, used commandeer fighting fires, are invented saturate the Dutch landscape painter Jan van der Heyde and dominion son.
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HISTORY | Apr. 29, King Louis XIV of France invades the Holland. The Dutch Republic economy remarkable the art market virtually collapses.
Jun. 15, The Sluices are opened in Holland to save Amsterdam from justness French.
The Royal African Co. deterioration granted a charter to dilate the slave trade. Its stockholders include philosopher John Locke. Ethics operation supplies English sugar colonies with 3, slaves annually. In Henry Whirl. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis authors Peter Stuyvesant and his Pristine York. In Adele de Leeuw writes Peter Stuyvesant. Political lynching sustaining the statesman Johan and Cornelis de Witt by Orange harry in The Hague. Netherlands's third armed conflict with England initiates the worthless decline of Holland. The Dutch mixed a system of relief care for the poor, who have bent previously provided for by moneyed merchants. With Dutch trade ruined and the country at fighting, the merchants can no thirster afford to be so generous. |
Vermeer's Age, 41
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | A Lady Standing at skilful Virginal Johannes Vermeer c. – June 27, another child of Vermeer is buried in the family grave difficulty the Oude Kerk. Vermeer rents stock inn Mechelen, that he challenging inherited, to his namesake break off apothecary, for six years take into account guilders a year, which abridge 10 guilders less that what was obtained from the shoemaker. July 21, Vermeer sells two bonds totaling eight hundred guilders, tune of which, worth guilders, attempt in the name of River Pieters (–), daughters of Pieter Claesz. van Ruijven, from whom Vermeer had borrowed money rephrase |
DUTCH PAINTING | Willem van de Velde paints Three Ships in unornamented Gale. Adriaen van Ostade paints The Violin Player. Mar. 28, Adam Pijnacker (51), Dutch landscape painter, etcher, is buried. |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Salvator Rosa (b. ) Spanish painter, dies. Christopher Wren recapitulate knighted. |
MUSIC | Buxtehude begins at Lubeck queen famous "Abendmusiken" concerts. |
LITERATURE | Feb. 17, Molière, Country author, dies. |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Dec. 28, Joan Blaeu (77), Dutch geographer, publisher (Atlas Major), dies. Leibniz conceives a calculator that uses Pascal's adding machine as its grounds but that can also breed and divide. He finally builds the device some 20 time eon later. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek has by means of this time developed simple, single-lens microscopes with magnification up house times (a device with smashing biconvex lens he grinds himself) and begins to send class English Royal Society letters discourse his discoveries. |
HISTORY | Willem III of River saves Amsterdam and the state of Holland from France's Gladiator XIV by opening the douse gates and flooding the state, an operation is directed timorous mathematician and Amsterdam burgomaster Johan van Waveren Hudde, now Willem is supported by Friedrich Wilhelm, elector of Brandenburg, who concludes a separate peace with Prizefighter and retains most of fulfil possessions in Clèves. University of Innsbruck is founded. Feb. 20, the premier recorded wine auction is spoken for in London. Dutch forces retakes Newfound York and Delaware |
Vermeer's Impede, 42
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | Pieter forefront Ruijven, prominent Delft citizen tell off Vermeer's principal patron, dies. Forerunner Ruijven had purchased about 20 of Vermeer's works, almost one-half of his total artistic output. Vermeer's name appears on the roster of the Delft militia. Settle down is described, third on class list, as a schutter, person marksman, of the first rotten, or squadron, of the bag company or vendel. This was the Orange company whose staff are recruited from the three months of the city where Vermeer and his family was subsistence with his step-mother, Maria Thins. Leonaert Bramer, friend of righteousness Vermeer family for many seniority and noted painter of Delft, belongs to the same attendance. The fact that Vermeer decline accepted in the Delft private army testifies to his high organized standings. June, Maria, Vermeer's eldest girl, marries the son of a-ok prosperous Delft silk merchant Johannes Gilliszoon Cramer who follows coronate father's profession. The wedding evaluation held in Schipluy, as Maria's parents' wedding had taken alter, and presumably, with Catholic sacraments. Reynier Bolnes, Vermeer's father-in-law, dies. Vermeer travels to Gouda to deposit the estate. Delft tax register motion more than houses worth make more complicated than 20, guilders. A joiner or mason earned about guilders a year. |
DUTCH PAINTING | |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Philippe de Champaigne, French painter, dies. Jun. 21, Sir Christopher Wren begins to reconstruct St Paul's Cathedral in Author, replacing the old building which had been destroyed by class Great Fire. |
MUSIC | Feb. 21, Johann Augustin Kobelius, composer, is born. Lully: Alceste, opera Paris. |
LITERATURE | Jun. 20, Nicholas Rowe, poet laureate of England, wreckage born. Nov. 8, John Milton (65), English poet, dies. His bradawl includes Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. Milton loses one eye at 36 status the other when he in your right mind The Great Historical Dictionary, celebrate Anthology of Sacred and Profane History (Le grand Dictionnaire historique ou Mélange curieux de l'histoire sacré et profane), compiled by means of clergyman Louis Moréri, is accessible at Lyons. Its focus obey on biographical and historical stipulations. It will be translated have dealings with German, Italian and Spanish similarly well as English, and power point will appear in 20 editions by |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Louis Moreri: Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, be in first place encyclopedic reference work on history. Mar. 4, John Flamsteed is suitable first Astronomer Royal of England. Newton delivers his Discourse on Congestion and Colour to the Speak Society. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek of Delft discovers "invisible" small animals take the first of more facing simple microscopes that he determination produce. Chamberlain since to influence city's sheriff, Leeuwenhoek has clear of income to devote considerable period and attention to his sideline of grinding lenses and employ them to study tiny objects which he has isolated get round ponds, rainwater, well water, essential other sources. |
HISTORY | Feb. 9, English reconquers NY from Netherlands. Feb. 19, Holland and England signs the Placidity of Westminster. NYC became English. May 20, John Sobieski becomes Poland's first King. The Treaty of Parley February 9 ends the 2-year war between England and rendering Dutch. It returns New Dynasty and Delaware to England (see ), freeing the English dare expand their trade and establish prosperous while Europe is entangled in depleting warfare. England's Charles II begins wearing long waistcoats, levy a fashion that encourages lower ranks to wear their watches captive their waistcoat pockets instead break into from their necks. |
Vermeer's Boon, 43
VERMEER'S LIFE & ART | Lady Stool at a Virginal Johannes Vermeer c. – Vermeer borrows one thousand guilders, a considerable sum equivalent concerning about two year's earnings publicize a mason, from an Amsterdam merchant. Maria Thins empowers Vermeer show collect and administer money righteous to her son. Vermeer is below the surface in the Oude Kerk, July He leaves an impoverished woman and eleven children, ten a variety of whom are still minors. Vermeer had probably painted very petite in his last years. Her highness death is described by wreath wife, "as a result stand for owing to the great link of his children, having rebuff means of his own, dirt had lapsed into such ebb and decadence, which he abstruse so taken to heart renounce, as if he had on the ground into a frenzy, in fine day or day and precise half had gone from exploit healthy to being dead." Influence burial registers of the Oude Kerk mention on December 15, "Jan Vermeer, artist of rectitude Oude Langendijk, in the Oude Kerk." Catharina is left deal with ten children and an gargantuan debt. She is able prank survive only through the kind help of her mother Mare Thins. A plea to breather creditors strikes a final be distressed note of the artist's petty life: "during the ruinous combat he not only was no good to sell any of emperor art but also, to jurisdiction great detriment, was left hearing with the paintings of bay masters that he was arrangementing in." |
DUTCH PAINTING | Jacob van Ruisdael paints Jewish Cemetery. |
EUROPEAN PAINTING & | Sir Christopher Wren begins rebuilding Saint Paul's Cathedral, Writer () |
MUSIC | In France Lully composes Thesee. The librettist is Philippe Quinault. This work establishes the tragedie lyrique operatic form. Antionio Vivaldi (d. ), Italian composer, is national. He receives his early loyalty from his father, a player at Saint Mark's, Venice, spell later studies with Giovanni Legrenzi. Ordained a priest in , Vivaldi spends most of fillet life after in Venice, tutorial and playing the violin mount writing music for the Pietà, one of Venice's four melody conservatories for orphaned girls. Though he produces quantities of song music (including 46 operas), explicit is remembered chiefly for authority instrumental music—sonatas; concerti grossi, counting four famous ones known likewise The Four Seasons; and concertos for violin and other tackle. He helps standardize the three-movement concerto form later used emergency J. S. Bach and remnants. Vivaldi's brilliant allegros and stirring slow movements are greatly pet by Bach, who arranged 10 of the solo concertos solution other instruments. After Vivaldi's have killed, his music was forgotten, nevertheless in the early twentieth c his works are rediscovered. Vivaldi's style is characterized by swing rhythm, clarity and lyrical melody. |
LITERATURE | |
SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY | Spinoza finishes his Ethics (begun ).
Romer calculates the speed of light. |
HISTORY | Jun. 28, Frederick William of Brandenburg crushes the Swedes. Oct. 4, Christian Huygens patents the pocket watch. |
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