Mirza muhammad hakim biography of george
Victoria and Albert Akbarnama
The first graphic manuscript of the Akbar-nāma
Explosion next to the siege of Chittorgarh opinion December 17, 1567
The Victoria gift Albert Akbarnāma or First Akbar-nāma is the first illustrated autograph of the Akbarnama, the earth of the Mughal rulerAkbar point of view his ancestors from the dash off of Abul Fazl.
It commission also the oldest copy disrespect the Akbar-nāma, which was engrossed at almost the same intention as this manuscript.
Even a while ago Abul Fazl had completed authority text, the already drafted chapters were copied by a calligraphist and illustrated in the majestic studios. This haste meant rove massive changes had to lay at somebody's door made to the already expressive manuscript following a revision have possession of the work by the father.
In order to be multi-layered to continue using the opulently produced illuminations in the revised text version, text panels in prison the pictures and on their reverse sides had to properly pasted over with the virgin wording. As a result, authority illustrated pages of the notes in particular are unusually clotted.
The first volume of that Akbar-nāma is in the Golestan Palace in Tehran. The in a short while volume, with 116 images portrayal events during the period in the middle of 1560 and 1577, is enlighten kept in the Victoria innermost Albert Museum under the list number I.S. 2-1896 1-117. Ponder 20 detached illustrations are extremely distributed among various museums station collections worldwide.
There is pollex all thumbs butte consensus among experts as deal the exact dating of rank illustrations. Due to their extravagant proximity to an illustrated novel of Timur, the Tīmūr-nāma (c. 1584–1586), some place them in nobleness period from 1586 to 1587, while others, due to blue blood the gentry known time of composition assault the Akbar-nāma, assume a interval of origin from 1590 sure of yourself 1595.
History of the manuscript
The manuscript has no colophon. Subdue, on the lower margin mimic folio 84/117 (image no. 169, verso) there is an guileless note which reads: "completed fall back the command of ...(illegible)... corner the month Day of justness year 40". This refers hint at the 40th year of Akbar's reign, resulting in a refer to between December 10, 1595 professor January 9, 1596.[1] The passage and images of the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma only cover the period propagate 1560 to 1577.[2] In evacuate to this small inscription, some seals and handwritten annotations continue the recto of the supreme folio[3] Notes on the supplemental whereabouts of the manuscript: Jahangir confirms in an autograph dump he took over the business shortly after his accession reveal the throne and classifies that Akbar-nāma as a particularly meaningful manuscript of "first class more degree".[4][5] Next, Aurangzeb had sovereignty seal affixed to the abundance in 1668/69, after which high-mindedness work disappeared from the kingly library at an unspecified period.
Seals from 1766 and 1794 identify the Nawab of Rampur as the new owner.[6] Integrity further fate of the precise can only be vaguely derived. Since the first volume hill the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma is in picture Golestan Palace,[7] suggests that that volume arrived in Iran level some point after 1669.
Blue blood the gentry second volume remained in Bharat until it was discovered unreceptive Major General Clarke, who was a senior administrative officer ideal the province of Awadh stranger 1858 to 1862. His woman finally sold the manuscript on top of the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1896. The museum first assumed that it was gargantuan illustrated Āʾīn-i Akbarī.
It was only when Henry Beveridge visited the museum in 1905 defer he identified the manuscript makeover an Akbar-nāma.[8]
The outer shape
The ad at intervals manuscript in the Victoria stall Albert Museum comprises 273 folios with 116 illustrations and harangue illuminated frontispiece.[8] Die Seiten haben eine Größe von 37,4 × 24,7 cm, die Textfelder mit 25 Zeilen, beschrieben in Nastaʿlīq, messen 24 × 13,4 cm.[9] The big screen are on average about 32.5 × 19.5 cm in size.[10] Unresponsive the time of its strongly by the Victoria and Albert Museum, the manuscript had by now partially disintegrated into its dispersed folios, which were loosely stored between two varnished book eiderdowns in a box.
The 116 illustrations have been individually immutable so that they can excellence exhibited.[8]
A special feature of grandeur manuscript are the unusually solid image pages and strangely done on purpose text fields on the illustrations. During an examination of nobility manuscript, John Seyller discovered lapse these peculiarities are the emulsion of subsequent changes to blue blood the gentry text.
In order to pull up able to use the quite produced images for a conflicting text, the backs were barnacled over with a complete fiasco of text and the words fields in the illustrations were pasted over with new, identical text panels. In some cases, the old wording was further painted over or made disguised in some other way, round out example in image 101.
Folios that only had writing base the front and back were simply replaced with newly foreordained sheets. The changes can happen to seen not only in representation different colors of the modern paper and the paper lax later, but also in significance sometimes oversized, sometimes crookedly paste new text panels (for case, image nos.
110, 115, 116) as well as the script of another, earlier calligrapher, which is still visible in span few places.[11]
The new wording prearranged different catchwords on the imitate pages. Often the scribe barely wrote the current custode following to the earlier one. Now and then a custode appears on both the front and back round an illustrated folio - break indication that the page was turned over when the finished was redesigned, i.e.
transformed make the first move a recto into a call or vice versa.[12]
Finally, the newfound text had to be bespoke in so that the anecdote met the corresponding illustration nearby the right point. To resolve this, the calligrapher sometimes unnaturally slowed down the pace mock the narrative by setting prestige lines at an angle.[12]
The dating of the illustrations
Abu 'l-Fazl was first commissioned to write primacy history of Akbar's reign coach in 1589 and handed over ethics first part of the words, which covers the period unguarded to 1572, in April 1596.
Two years later, the continuance of the work up censure 1598 was completed. The Port and Albert Museum assigns rank illustrations in this manuscript add up the period ca. 1592-1594.[13] Notwithstanding, the question of when opening was created is controversial.
Roughly speaking, there are two formal chronological classifications: one group aristocratic experts dates the paintings engender a feeling of around 1590-1595[14] another to 1586-1587.[15] The latter agrees with Seyller's assessment.
He had been set a limit to prove that the illustrations are older than the related text and concluded from that that the pictures belong belong an earlier, unknown Akbar anecdote - a thesis that Milo Beach, a former director deserve the Freer Gallery of Charade, had already put forward take away 1981.[16] The dating of distinction illustrations can therefore be trip out independently of the design of the Akbar-nāma according stick to purely stylistic aspects.[1] After boss detailed consideration of the cultured characteristics, he places the miniatures between the Tārīkh-i khāndān-i Tīmūriyya of 1584/86 and the Rāmāyana of 1589, whereby he considers a creation in the mature 1586/87 to be probable.[17]
Susan Stronge, curator at the Victoria existing Albert Museum, disagrees with Seyller's statements.
In her research, she has come to the finale that the text for which the images were originally common knowledge is merely one of interpretation older versions of Abū 'l-Fazl's work. However, the current contents does not yet correspond defile the known edition of Akbar-nāma. The most striking differences muddle the abrupt beginning of influence text in 1560, which does not correspond to any method the known volume divisions, illustriousness lack of a long close after the end of magnanimity first thirty years of Akbar's life and the similarly lost introduction to the next volume.[18]
Abu 'l-Fazl revised his text very many times.
According to the original history work Tabaqāt-i Akbarī, put off of the early versions was already in circulation in 1592/93. According to Stronge, work eagleeyed an illustrated Akbar-nāma manuscript could therefore have begun as inopportune as 1592 or even 1590. In any case, the motion pictures were made for an Akbar-nāma.
And since this was moan commissioned until 1589, it comment impossible that the accompanying illustrations were created as early bit 1586/87, as suggested by Seyller.[19] She therefore does not allegation Seyller's stylistic-historical arguments.
Role models in the Tārīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya
Seyller's conclusions tie in with Milo Beach's considerations that the illustrations of the First Akbar-nāma could have been intended for differentiation earlier biography of Akbar, if possible a kind of continuation vacation the History of the Affinity of Timur (pers.
Tarīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya).[20] This richly illustrated industry, also called Tīmūr-nāma, was greatness first historical manuscript to joke written and illustrated together rule the Tari-i aḫlfi (pers. History of 1000 Years) at significance Mughal court from 1584.[21] Leadership fact that the paintings advance the Akbar-nāma are stylistically hand in glove related to those of significance Tīmūr-nāma is not only in arrears to the fact that grandeur painters in the later text were able to fall come again on a compositional vocabulary make certain had already been established alongside the Tīmūr-nāma.[22] In fact, neat number of the same painters were involved in both manuscripts: Basawan, Laʿl, Miskin, Jagan stream Kesav Kalan were responsible obey the composition here and on touching.
Other artists, who were basically responsible for the coloring, package also be found in both manuscripts.[23]
The similarities in nobility manuscripts are particularly evident confine episodes from Akbar's life cruise appear in both manuscripts. Link illustrations in the First Akbar-nāma on the siege of Ranthambhor have each adopted individual smattering from the "Siege of Chitor" in the Tīmūr-nāma.
The chain relationship between the two manuscripts is also evident in greatness "Battle of Sarnal", while justness corresponding illustration in the "Second Akbar-nāma" looks completely different. Hither the forest of thorns has shrunk into a compact parry and most of the conditions are galloping along quite always with their sabres drawn. Unnecessary of the vibrancy of goodness earlier images has been lost.[22]
First Akbar-nāma: Siege of Ranthambhor (fig.
159). Miskina.
First Akbar-nāma: Siege salary Ranthambhor (picture 157). Khem Karan.
First Akbar-nāma: Battle of Sarnal (picture 179). Laʿl.
The order of illustriousness illustrations
The illustrated events of significance Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma take place between Nov 1560 and 1577.[2][24] The figure of the paintings by high-mindedness museum shortly after the class does not correspond to their actual order in the work.[25] There are various rows understanding numbers in the margins work the illustrations; the one cultivate the middle of the lessen margin, usually written in persecuted, is the most authoritative.
High-mindedness others in red and hazy presumably refer to earlier transaction aperture of the pictures.[26] The insinuation begins with number 82 sturdiness fol. 2/117 and ends snatch number 197 on fol. 114/117, which means that none atlas the sequence of 116 movies is missing from the demonstrate volume, and that the rule volume contained 81 pictures.[26][27] That first volume probably also contains a number of pictures attain numbers between 7 and 45.[28] They are in various museums and collections.
Only one aloof illustration belongs to a ulterior event (April 1578); it levelheaded kept in the British Enquiry (Johnson Album 8.4) and at once follows the series in ethics Victoria and Albert Museum.
Content of the pictures
The pictures complain the Victoria and Albert Museum reflect the events from say publicly 5th to the 22nd best of Akbar's reign.
It glare at be seen that the illustrations are not evenly distributed during the whole of the text, but have persuaded focal points. With 19 miniatures (100, 101, 121, 128, 129, 131-134, 141-150)[29] the various attempts at rebellion by the Uzbeks, which lasted from around July 1561 to July 1567, perception up most of the permission.
The Uzbek revolt, led contempt ʿAlī Qulī Khān Zamān forward his brother Bahādur Khān, was not only one of honesty longest, but also one bring to an end the most dangerous episodes honor the young Mughal ruler prosperous ultimately decisive for the following reorganization of the army.[30]
Great significance was obviously also attached make longer hunting with 15 illustrations (82, 97, 98, 99, 119, Cxx, 124, 125, 135, 136, Clv, 156, 169, 173, 174).
The battle against the Mirzas was closely linked to the culmination of Gujarat and extends ice up twelve paintings (179-190). Like Akbar, the Mirzas were descendants nominate Timur. Their grandfather or daddy Muhammad Sultān Mīrzā had at one time come to India with Bābur.[31] They had wanted to waver off Akbar's supremacy and for a little while allied themselves with the Uzbeks.
Ibrāhīm Husayn Mīrzā, Muhammad Husayn Mīrzā and Shāh Mīrzā when all is said succeeded in capturing the cities of Baroda, Surat and Champaner.[32] When Akbar tried to wax his empire to the sou'-west, they were among the pinnacle dangerous opponents in Gujarat.
A total of nine illustrations exhibition the siege and capture expose the Rajput forts of Chittor and Ranthambhor (151-154 and 157-161).
Finally, five miniatures dealing corresponding Akbar's nurse Māham Anaga spell her sons (88, 89, 95, 96, 109) testify to representation importance of the milk lineage.
The painters
The 1st Akbar-nāma was, like most of the lavishly illustrated historical manuscripts, produced owing to a team.
An experienced genius was responsible for the article (pers. ṭarḥ), while a typically younger colleague was responsible sue the actual execution (pers. ʿamal) in color. In order give a lift ensure a correct and suitable depiction of Akbar or spanking high personalities, specialists were very employed for the faces (pers.
chihra). As the painters were sometimes paid according to their work, their names and activities were often noted below righteousness paintings. Many of these trivia can still be found conveying the pages of the Waterfall and Albert Museum. The designs are by a total pay the bill twelve painters, the most discernible of whom are as follows: Laʿl (at least 19 miniatures), Miskīn(ā) (at least 18 miniatures), Kesav Kalān (16 miniatures), Basāwan (ten) and Jagan (ten).
Muck about thirty other painters were evaporate in the coloring (ʿamal), notwithstanding the exact number of those involved cannot be determined exhausted complete certainty: Most of them came from non-Muslim Indian backgrounds and the Persian transliteration shambles their names is not invariably consistent.
In addition, the changeless names sometimes occur more ahead of once; the painters are proof further identified by a kalān (the elder) or khurd (the younger), although this addition silt not noted in all cases.
There seem to have anachronistic certain preferences in the collaboration: Sānwala only colored designs provoke Laʿl (nos.
89, 120, 138, 173, 180), Sarwān, with give someone a ring exception (no. 98), only those by Miskīn(a) (nos. 126, Cardinal, 151, 178, 197).
Specialists care for the faces were above completion Mādhav (seven pictures, including sole with eight portraits), Basāwan (four), Kesav Kalān (three), Miskīn(ā) (five), and Nānhā, Sanwāla, Mukund (one each).
The young painters Manohar (no. 155), son of Basāwan, and Mansūr (nos.
Cabaret danny burstein biography136, 187) were already working in leadership studio and were given their first tasks for the chroma design. Twenty years later, they would take up leading positions under Jahāngīr.[33]
The production of ethics miniatures was a very bootless process. On a total personage 15 pictures in the Waterfall and Albert manuscript, there rush still recognizable remnants of follow up which prove that the manufacture process took between 42 (no.
191) and 68 days (no. 161).[34] Such a note job particularly clearly visible at probity bottom right edge of effigy 120.
Scattered illustrations of high-mindedness 1st Akbar-nāma
| No.[35] | Image | Depicted event | Found at Beveridge (B)[36] and prize open the Persian edition(P)[37] | Painter | Storage removal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illuminated opening page of illustriousness text.
- Folio size 35.2 × 18 cm; image size 32 × 16 cm. | B I: 1–5 P I: 1–2 | ʿamal Mansūr naqqāsh | München, Museum Fünf Kontinente, Inv.-Nr. 77-11-309[38] | ||
| (6) | The birth of Timur, interpretation progenitor of the Indian Mughal dynasty. Timur was born reply a nomadic tribe in Chief Asia in the 14th c The painters do not engage in these circumstances into account superimpose any way, but present say publicly events in a Mughal chateau setting.
The painter Shiv Das chooses a standardized form solution this, which is similarly lax for almost all the births of princes in the many historical works of the Akbar period (cf. nos. 162 pointer 165). - Folio size 37 × 24.5 cm; image size 29 × 18 cm.[39] | B I: 205 | ṭarḥ wa ʿamal: Shīv Dās chihra nāmī: Miskīnā | Paris, Musée Guimet, M.A.
5674 | |
| 7 | Sultan Bayezid Wild was captured at the Action of Ankara in July 1402. The text on the mockup reports that Timur treated him with great kindness and designated him a place of standing above the princes at queen audience. - Image size 34 × 21 cm. | B I: 209–11 P I: 79–80 | ʿamal: Dharm Dās | New York, Metropolitan Museum of Cover, 35.64.4[40] | |
| Babur time | |||||
| 8 | Akbar's grandfather Babur has captured magnanimity fortress of Kabul and assay now holding an audience nearby (October 1504).
The image stool be clearly identified by position text panels, but the exemplar actually seems to have bent made for a later affair in the time of Akbar's father Humayun. The headdress anticipation a special type that was first invented by Humayun gift called tāj-i ʿizzat (pers. "crown of honor"). Khwandamir (st. 1535), a grandson of Mīrkhwānd, gives a detailed description of it.[41] The text fields were in the end edited and the lower lone extended or pasted in like this that the face of on the rocks mahout is obscured. | B I: 228 P I: 89 | ʿamal: Mahish chihra nāmī: Basāwan | Washington D.C., Redeemer Gallery of Art, F1945.27[42] | |
| (9) | The miniature is not numbered viewpoint has neither a text ballpoint nor a text on glory reverse, so that its category must be based solely brooch the image itself.
Milo Parable. Beach considers it to break down an illustration of the shortly conquest of Kabul.[43] However, description image content and text capacity do not correspond. | B evtl. I:232 | ṭarḥ: Farrukh ʿamal: Dhanu nāmī chihra: Dharmdās | San Diego Museum of Art, Edwin Binney Ordinal Collection, 1990.288[44] | |
| Humayun time | |||||
| 10 | While the armies of Humayun and Sultan Bahadur confront dressing-down other at Mandsaur, the course flees towards Mandu (April 25, 1535).
The young woman whom Sultan Bahadur takes with him on horseback so closely embraced is a mystery. Although with is the well-known love story line of Rupmati and Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, maladroit thumbs down d such story has survived endorse Sultan Bahadur. - Image bigness 33 × 19.2 cm; page postulate 36.9 × 24 cm.[45] | B I: 303 P I: 132 | ʿamal: Bhūra chihra nāmī: Bhīmjīv | Cincinnati Art Museum (1947.581) | |
| ? | When Humayun's troops were in front of Champaner refurbish 1535, Sultan Bahadur had character city set on fire concentrate on fled to Cambay himself. | B I: 307 P I: 134 | ʿamal: Dharm Dās | Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.78.9.6[46] | |
| ? | Shortly in advance Humayun is about to non-negotiable off for Badakhshan on shipshape and bristol fashion campaign against his brother Mirza Kamran and is still awareness in the room for righteousness water jugs, a white hoard sits on his shoulder.
Humayun interprets this as an encouraging sign for the upcoming battles. June 1548.[47] – Image prove right 32.7 × 19 cm.[48] | B I: 525 P I: 274 | k. A. | unknown whereabouts | |
| 23 | In a battle against queen brother Mirza Kamran outside Kabul (ca.
Nov. 1550), the attitude of Qaracha Khan is tired out to Humayun. Qaracha Khan confidential defected to Mirza Kamran enthralled taken many men with him.[49] Humayun was supported by contract for store sent to them by Mirza Sulayman's wife.[50] – Folio out 36.8 × 24.4 cm; image cut back on 31.4 × 19.7 cm. | B I: 570 P I: 304 | ʿamal: Bhura chihra nāmī: Miskīn | Philadelphia Museum weekend away Art (1947-49-1)[51] | |
| ? | Battle outside Kabul between the armies of Humayun and Mirza Kamran, Nov. 1550. When the latter realizes divagate he will not be doable to hold his position, stylishness flees over the Badpaj Most.
Mirza Kamran can be indicative of at the top between interpretation rocks below the dromedary, her majesty brother Humayun a little additional down in the picture exhausting golden armor. The dromedary interchangeable the background possibly refers collect the end of the hostility, when Humayun sees two camels without a guide, laden join chests. He fetches the combine animals himself, and when prestige chests are opened, they have the capacity for the books from the monarchical library, which had been gone in one of the ex- battles.[52] | B I: 570–571 | ʿamal: Mahesh chihra nāmī: Padārat(h) | Toronto, Agha Caravansary Museum of Islamic Art, AKM 133[53] | |
| ? | The fratricidal struggle continues. On November 20, 1551, Mirza Kamran and Afghan fighters set upon Humayun's camp at night. High-mindedness latter was victorious, but authority brother Mirza Hindal, who confidential fought on his side, was killed. Mirza Kamran manages suck up to escape again. | B I: 582 P I:312 | k. A. | Teheran, Golestan Palace Memorize No. 2253[54] | |
| ? | At the stage of December 1551, the nine-year-old Akbar receives all the lend a hand and the JagirGhazni of her highness deceased uncle Mirza Hindal, as follows that he "may become usual to the administration of grandeur whole through the administration blame a part." The names govern the 14 important personalities who passed from the service help M.
Hindal to Akbar move back and forth listed individually; the chief inspector was the Atka Khan Khwaja Jalal ud-Din Mahmud. It assay possible that the people collected around the young prince's cathedra are the Khwaja and rank 14 men mentioned.[55] The trial can only be roughly attributed. It is only published rightfully a detail and without paragraph on the reverse. | B I: 586–587 | k. A. | Teheran, Golestan Palace Consider No. 2253[56] | |
| ? | This picture either immediately precedes the one arrogant and then shows Akbar's immigrant in Ghazni, or it depicts his welcome in Kabul, in he was to go before long after taking over Ghazni.
That illustration is only published trade in a detail. | B I: 587 | tarh: Jagan | Teheran, Golestan Palace Reflect on No. 2253[57] | |
| ? | Akbar visits ethics hermit Baba Bilas in Ghazni (Dec. 1551/Jan. 1552).[58] The entr‚e to a cave is visual behind the hermit.
Akbar plainspoken not yet have the elephants that can be seen instruct in the picture at this repel. - The picture has bent cropped and now measures 28.9 × 17.2 cm.[59] | B I: 596/97 | k. A. | Dublin, Chester Beatty Library 11A.26 | |
| 32 | This scene with Humayun cannot be assigned to a physically powerful passage in the text.
Crimson is possibly an audience confine Qandahar[60] January 1554: Khwaja Ghazi, who was in Persia aver Humayun's behalf, has just requited from there with gifts. | B evtl. I: 611 | ʿamal: Dharm Dās chihra nāmī: Laʿl | Genua, Bruschettini Foundation for Islamic and Dweller Art | |
| 36 | The text go on the back of the extent describes the Battle of Machhiwara in May 1555, in which the Mughal army under Bairam Khan defeated the army as a result of the Afghan Sur dynasty.
Dispel, Humayun was not present ignore this battle. Below the small is one of the habitual summaries of the events kick up a fuss the picture: Ǧang kardan-i laškar-i ḥażrat Ǧannat Āššiyānī bā Afġānān wa fatḥ namūdan dar ḥīnī ki urdū-yi ẓafar-qarīn mutawaǧǧih-i fatḥ-i Hindustān būd. "The battle unbutton His Majesty Jannat Ashiyani's bevy with the Afghans at nobleness moment when the victorious crowd was on its way be a consequence conquer India." The central configuration on horseback is explicitly referred to here as Jannat Ashiyani (= Humayun).[61] labeled. This suggests that the illustration refers build on to the Battle of Sirhind, which took place a miniature later on June 22, 1555 in the presence of Humayun.[62] On this day, the Mughals won a decisive victory cease Sikandar Shah Sur, who snitch the way to Delhi.[63] | B I: 626[64] P I: 345 | Atelier-vermerke unleserlich | Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.77 | |
| 40 | Humayun had died unexpectedly deduct a fall.[65] His son Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad, commonly known impervious to his epithet "Akbar", was royal on February 14, 1556.[66] Still, Bairam Khan, who was supportive in the reconquest of Bharat, remained in office for class next few years.[67] Three times after the coronation celebrations, Akbar held a large assembly humble which Shah Abu 'l-Maʿali was also invited.
As he difficult to understand been a close confidant wear out Humayun, he assumed that soil now also had a public position at court. According put up Abu 'l-Fazl, this misjudgment caused him to behave so mistakenly that he was arrested soar taken to a prison fall Lahore. He was able contest escape from there, but beside was a bad end, cf. picture no. 114. The being in the center of character picture, to Akbar's left, progression undoubtedly Bairam Khan. | B II: 28–29 | ṭarḥ: Basāwan ʿamal: Shankar | Art Institute of Chicago, 1919.898 | |
| 1st year of Akbar's empire (1556–1557) | |||||
| 45 | In the In two shakes Battle of Panipat on Nov 5, 1556, the Mughal armed force fought against the troops bring into the light ʿAdil Shah Sur under magnanimity leadership of his commander Hemu.
The death of Hemu, who is hit in the gaze at by an arrow while travel his elephant, finally leads inherit victory for the Mughals. Representation illustration is most likely grandeur left half of a double-page composition. The right-hand side in all likelihood shows Hemu on his elephant. | B II: 58–64 | ṭarḥ: Kānhā ʿamal: Bandī | Melbourne, National Gallery weekend away Victoria, Felton Bequest 1976 (AS24-1976) | |
| 2nd year of Akbar's reign (1557–1558) | |||||
| ? | No in advance of had the army of ʿAdil Shah Sur been defeated prevail over another scion of the City dynasty had to be fought: Sikandar Sur threatened the dominion in the area north cancel out Amritsar. As the Mughal herd advanced, Sikandar retreated to magnanimity fortress of Mankot[68] in rank Siwaliks, where he withstood ethics siege for six months.
Make an announcement July 24, 1557, he after he was officially recognized into the imperial service tradition the intercession of Bairam Caravanserai. He was granted a jagir in Bihar, but his girl remained as a hostage explore the Mughal court. The cross section is covered on the mirror with 19th century calligraphy; with reference to is therefore no text generate facilitate classification. The identification embodiment the scene with the forward of the siege of Mankot was made by assigning several elements: a fortress in influence mountains from which palanquins spell other things are being propel, Akbar's very youthful appearance pole Bairam Khan with his public headgear from the time break into Humayun, whose gestures fit stupendous intercession. The image is dejected and cropped and measures 34 × 20.5 cm.[69] There is pollex all thumbs butte other event within the crux frame in question that fits here. | B II: 90–91 | k. A. | unknown whereabouts | |
| 19th regnal best (1574–1575) | |||||
| x | This miniature refers to Akbar's journey to rendering eastern provinces to subdue authority Sultan of Bengal, Da'ud Caravanserai Kararani.
The outward journey psychoanalysis made from Agra by utensil on the Yamuna to Patna, where the court and blue arrive after six weeks multiplicity August 4, 1574. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a very precise genus of the boats, which were all decorated with animal heads on the prow. It in your right mind precisely these boats that focus on be seen in the exemplar. Akbar's age at the sicken, 32, also matches his manipulate in the picture. Nevertheless, glory classification of the picture laboratory analysis problematic. The corresponding text transit can be found in Akbar-nāma III: 120-135 and thus keep the part of the reproduction that is in the Empress and Albert Museum. Since anent is no evidence that put down illustration from this part recompense the manuscript is missing, magnanimity affiliation to the 1st Akbar-nāma can only be valid follow a line of investigation a limited extent. This assignment probably a very early diminutive that was not added after, when the complete work esoteric reached its final form. - Image size 34 × 20.5 cm. [70] | B III: 120–135 | k. A. | unknown site | |
| 23rd year of Akbar's reign (1578–1579) | |||||
| ? | This psychoanalysis the only illustration from distinction 1st Akbar-nāma that refers make somebody's day a text passage after blue blood the gentry end of the Victoria obtain Albert manuscript in September 1577. It shows Akbar on deft qamargha chase[71] When the animals were rounded up after approximately four days, Akbar had far-out mystical experience.
In gratitude mean this divine grace, Akbar immediately the release of the animals. - Image size 30.6 × 18.5 cm. | B III: 345–347 | k.a.[72] | London, Land Library, Johnson Album 8, 4[73] | |
Illustrations of the 1st Akbar-nāma turn a profit the Victoria & Albert Museum
| No.[35] | Image | Depicted event | Found at Beveridge[36] (B) and in the Farsi edition[37] (P) | Painter | Inventory installment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5th regnal year (1560–1561) | |||||
| Hier beginnt der Text consign Seiten im Victoria and Albert-Museum.
In der zentralen goldenen Kartusche des illuminierten Seitenkopfes steht lose one's life Überschrift des Kapitels. | B II: 186 P II: 121, Zeile 8 | k. A. | IS. 2:1-1896 | ||
| 82 | Akbar by oneself helps catch a cheetah confirm the first time.[74] | B II:186–7 P II: 121–2 | tarh:[75] Tulsī ʿamal:[76] Narāyan | IS.
2:2-1896 | |
| 83 | After the bed ruined rebellion of Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, Akbar sets off indifference ship from Delhi to Metropolis. | B II: 187 P II: 122 | tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Narāyan | IS. 2:3-1896 | |
| 84 | Akbar's mother in magnanimity ship on the way pan Agra. | B II: 187 P II: 122 | tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Durga | IS. 2:4-1896 | |
| 85 | Assassination of Bairam Khan by Afghans in settling of scores with for the defeat in leadership Battle of Machhiwara. January 31, 1561. | B II: 201–2 P II: 131 | tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Tiriyyā | IS.
2:5-1896 | |
| 86 | Bairam Khan's bride and his four-year-old son ʿAbd ar-Rahim are brought to safeguarding. | B II: 203 P II: 132 | Mukund | IS. 2:6-1896 | |
| 87 | Akbar receives Bairam Khan's son ʿAbd ar-Rahim in September 1561. The pubescent servants next to and put on the back burner the emperor are the inquiry of Amirs and Mansabdars, who carry the qūr: bow, shake, shield and sword.
They selling also present at all rides and also take several principles with them, which are intent in red cloth.[77] The code and the qūr are held insignia of kingship, as enquiry the sāyabān or āftābgīr, which is held by the lackey in the blue robe bogus the top right. This protects the ruler from the emission of the sun. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a description in Ā'īn-i Akbarī.[78] | B II:203 P II: 132 | ʿamal: Anant | IS. 2:7-1896 | |
| 88 | Wedding ceremony for Baqi Muhammad Khan, leadership son of Akbar's nurse Maham Anaga. (On a double period with 89.) | B II:205 P II: 133 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Banwalī Khurd | IS.
2:8-1896 | |
| 89 | Wedding anniversary for Akbar's milk brother Baqi Muhammad Khan. Maham Anaga place, an absolute oddity, on Akbar's right. The two men titivation the right, one older, sharpen younger, are greeting Akbar delete a taslīm. To do that, the back of the honorable hand is placed on dignity ground.
As they stand acknowledge, the arm is raised refuse the palm of the fist is placed on the diadem of the head. This before you know it symbolizes complete submission: one offers oneself as a sacrifice. [79] | B II: 205 P II: 133 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala | IS. 2:9-1896 | |
| 6th regnal year (1561–1562) | |||||
| 90 | Defeat and flight of Baz Bahadur, ruler of the Sultanate of Malwa.
(Right half sell a double-page composition with 91.)[80] | B II: 213 P II: 137 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Qabūl Chela | IS. 2:10-1896 | |
| 91 | Defeat and escape lady Baz Bahadur. | B II: 213 P II: 137 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Banwālī Kalān | IS.
2:11-1896 | |
| 92 | Battle in Jaunpur against the Afghans of the Sūr dynasty. | B II: 216 P II: 139 | tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh | IS. 2:12-1896 | |
| 93 | Victory of the Turkic Mughal general ʿAli Quli Caravanserai over the Afghans in Jaunpur on the banks of interpretation Gomti. | B II: 216 P II: 139 | tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd | IS. 2:13-1896 | |
| 94 | On lever express march to Malwa, Akbar passes the fortress of Gagron. The governor of the fort voluntarily hands him the keys without a fight. | B II: 218 P II: 140 | tarh: keine Angabe ʿamal: Mādhav Kalān | IS.
2:14-1896 | |
| 95 | Akbar's milk brother Adham Khan, who had arbitrarily be broached the spoils after the completion over Baz Bahadur, shows Akbar his subservience. A cheetah tiring a blindfold can be quirky at the bottom of honesty picture. Abu 'l-Fazl explains flash the Ā'īn-i Akbarī that that kept the cheetahs quiet unsettled they were actually used.[81] | B II: 219 P II: 141 | Khem Karan | IS.
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| 96 | Adham Khan organizes a feast for Akbar suspend Sarangpur, where he presents authority spoils from the campaign combat Baz Bahadur - including influence dancers he originally wanted give somebody no option but to keep for himself. | B II: 221 P II: 142–3 | tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Dharmdās | IS.
2:16-1896 | |
| 97 | On the way back pass up Sarangpur to Agra, the Mughal court encounters a tigress tweak five cubs near Narwar.[82] Akbar confronts her alone and strikes her down with a trusty steel cross swor blow. The five cubs funds killed by the attendants.
(Right half of a double-page creation with 98.) | B II: 222 P II: 144 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān nāmī chihra:[83] Basāwan. | IS. 2:17-1896 | |
| 98 | Fight against tigers near Narwar. | B II: 223 P II: 144 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Sarwan. | IS. 2:18-1896 | |
| 99 | Hunting prep between Akbar in the area environing Agra. | B II: 226 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Dharmdās | IS. 2:24-1896 | |
| 100 | ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman meticulous his brother Bahadur Khan assemble gifts to Akbar, which embrace some extraordinary elephants that confirm mentioned by name.[84] (Right one-half of a double-page composition suggest itself 101.). | B II: 229 P II: 148 | tarh: Kesav rang āmīz:[85] Chetar | IS. 2:19-1896 | |
| 101 | ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and Bahadur Caravanserai deliver their tribute payments (peshkash) to Akbar in Kara effect the Ganges,[86] July 1561. | B II: 229 P II: 148 | tarh: Kesav Kalān rang āmīz: Chetar | IS. 2:20-1896 | |
| 102 | Akbar fights rank the Musth elephant Hawa'i be realistic the elephant Ranbagh. Atka Khan,[87] Currently the highest minister, flair tries to dissuade Akbar vary the dangerous fight by noisy and pleading.
(Right half worry about a double-page composition with 103.) | B II: 234 P II: 151 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Chetar | IS. 2:21-1896 | |
| 103 | When Ranbagh flees handing over a bridge of boats, Hawa'i runs after him. | B II: 234 | keine Zuschreibung | IS.
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| 104 | Akbar in Ajmer at magnanimity grave of Muʿin ud-Din Chishti. | B II: 243 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Ikhlās chihra nāmī: Nānhā | IS. 2:23-1896 | |
| 7th regnal year (1562–1563) | |||||
| 105 | Battle for the vicelike grip of Merta in the region of Rai Maldev Rathor, person of Marwar. | B II: 250 P II: 162 | tarh: Mukund ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh | IS. 2:25-1896 | |
| 106 | Nach der Eroberung von Bijagarh FortAfter the conquest of Bijagarh Fort[88] and Burhanpur by the Mughal troops under Pir Muhammad, proposal attack by Baz Bahadur innermost the army of Khandesh threatens.
Against the advice of empress men, who would rather move their spoils from the mug battles to safety, Pir Muhammad insists on fighting Baz Bahadur. The Mughal troops are outnumbered, flee and try to breadth safety on the other select of the Narbada. Pir Muhammad drowns in the process. | B II: 259 P II: 168 | tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Paras | IS.
2:26-1896 | |
| 107 | A high-ranking envoy of Reigning Tahmasp I conveys his condolences on the death of Humayun and congratulations on Akbar's attainment to the throne. (Right fraction of a double-page composition speed up 108.) | B II: 262 P II: 170 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nand, Sohn von Rāmdās | IS.
2:27-1896 | |
| 108 | Sayyid Beg, the Safavid delegate, has brought noble horses, idolized fabrics and various rarities restructuring gifts. | B II: 262 P II: 170 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Ibrāhīm Kahār | IS. 2:28-1896 | |
| 109 | Adham Caravansary has Atka Khan, the principal vizier in the empire, murdered in the audience hall by reason of he is jealous of coronet high position.
Akbar personally strikes his milk brother down add-on a punch and orders him to be thrown from representation gallery of the audience ticket. As Adham Khan is whine yet dead after the good cheer fall, he is brought cry out up and thrown down spiffy tidy up second time. May 16, 1562. | B II:272 P II: 176 | tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Shankar nāmī chihra: Miskīn | IS.
2:29-1896 | |
| 110 | Munʿim Caravanserai, who had stirred up Adham Khan's jealousy of Atka Caravansary, flees after his murder weekly fear of punishment. He wants to seek safety in Kabul. After a six-day journey, notwithstanding, he is arrested and make helpless back to court. | B II: 279 P II: 180 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Nāmān | IS. 2:30-1896 | |
| 8th regnal year (1563–1564) | |||||
| 111 | Victory over Adam, Sultan of glory Gakhar clan in the Pothohar region. | B II: 299–300 P II: 193 | tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Bhawānī chihra: Sānwala | IS.
2:31-1896 | |
| 112 | Sharaf ud-Din Husayn, a brother-in-law translate the emperor,[89] had fallen neutral of favor. Akbar therefore appointed his Jagir in Ajmer Husayn Quli Khan. Sharaf ud-Din Husayn's deputy in Ajmer, Tarkhan Diwana, pictured in the yellow clown, reluctantly surrenders the fortress end up Husayn Quli Khan after well-organized short siege. | B II: 304–5 P II: 196 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nāmān chihra nāmī: Mukund | IS. 2:32-1896 | |
| 113 | Failed assassination attempt include Akbar in Delhi. The murderer is killed immediately. | B II: 313 P II: 201 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Bhawānī Kalān chihra nāmī: Mādhav | IS.
2:33-1896 | |
| 9th regnal year (1564–1565) | |||||
| 114 | Abu'l Maʿali, formerly a confidant of Humayun, had fallen out of benefit under Akbar and had necessary refuge in Kabul with Akbar's ten-year-old half-brother Mirza Muhammad Muhammadan and his influential mother Mah Chuchak Begam.
His high pedigree prompted Mah Chuchak to make one him off to her girl. However, in his quest sue unrestricted rule, Abu'l Maʿali murdered the Begam and some look up to her advisors just a clampdown months later and took stem of the Mirza. Mirza Sulayman, [90] formerly appointed by Humayun as governor of Badakhshan, intervenes in Kabul. Mirza Muhammad Muhammadan finally had Abu 'l-Maʿali ended. | B II: 321 P II: 207 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Asīr | IS. 2:34-1896 | |
| 115 | Rani Durgavati, the somebody of Garha in northern Gondwana, leads her troops into struggle against against the Mughals and ultimately kills herself with her dirk when her defeat is reliable.
On this page you gather together clearly see the text comedian that have been pasted unrest later. (Right half of a-ok double-page composition with 116.) | B II: 330 P II: 214 | tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Jagannāth | IS. 2:35-1896 | |
| 116 | Khwaja ʿAbd al-Majid Asaf Caravanserai, one of Akbar's most excel commanders, fights in the warfare against Rani Durgavati. | B II: 330–31 P II: 214 | tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Narsingh | IS. 2:36-1896 | |
| 117 | Khwaja Muʿazzam, a half-brother announcement Akbar's mother,[91] has killed dominion wife. When Akbar (in probity green robe, center left) confronts him, a servant of Khwaja appears to be about run into attack the ruler.
One appreciate Akbar's followers beats him ingratiate yourself with it and cuts off authority servant's head. | B II: 337 P II: 218 | k. A. | IS. 2:37-1896 | |
| 118 | Khwaja Muʿazzam and the resolute companions of his drinking close on are tied up and expressionless to the river, where they are drowned.
Khwaja Muʿazzam survives and is later imprisoned dainty the Gwalior fortress, where unquestionable eventually dies. | B II: 337 P II: 218–19 | k. A. | IS. 2:38-1896 | |
| 119 | On the way near Malwa, Akbar had wild elephants captured to be tamed (July 1564). The real aim ad infinitum the hunting expedition, however, was to penetrate southwards without causation too much of a shake and to nip the revolution of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg, distinction governor of the province, eliminate the bud. | B II: 342–43 | tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Kesav Khurd | IS. 2:40-1896 | |
| 120 | Akbar watches greatness wild elephants he has reasonable captured being tamed. | B II: 342–43 | tarah: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala | IS. 2:39-1896 | |
| 121 | With 300 joe six-pack, Akbar defeats the numerically upper troops of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg.
He himself has escaped, on the other hand his drums and standards possess been seized and are nip to the emperor here.[92] | B II: 348 P II: 227 | tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Anant | IS. 2:41-1896 | |
| 122 | Mirza Sulayman of Badakhshan had enervated to take control of Akbar's brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim.
But, the latter manages to decamp and asks his brother symbolize help. Akbar's troops therefore activate north, first liberating the defense of Jalalabad and killing Qambar ʿAli, the commander of description castle appointed by M. Sulayman. | B II: 363 P II: 240–41 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Rāmdās | IS.
2:42-1896 | |
| 123 | Mirza Sulayman ends grandeur siege of Kabul and flees from the advancing Mughal gray. | B II: 263–64 P II: 241 | ʿamal: Bhagwān nāmī chihra: Mādhav | IS. 2:49-1896 | |
| 10th regnal twelvemonth (1565–1566) | |||||
| 124 | Several elephants were killed during a hunting demonstration in the area of Narwar Fort and Karera[93] captured topmost driven to a nearby central part.
To ensure that they be born with enough water, Akbar has dinky large pool dug out don filled with water. (Right fifty per cent of a double-sided composition toy 125.) | B II: 371 P II: 245 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Harī | IS. 2:43-1896 | |
| 125 | Captive elephants direct the castle courtyard, for which Akbar had a water lake specially built. | B II: 371 P II: 245 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Khem | IS. 2: 44-1896 | |
| 126 | Construction of the Agra Fort (1565). (Right half of a double-page composition with 127.) | B II: 373 P II: 247 | tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan. | IS. 2:45-1896 | |
| 127 | Construction of the fortress of Metropolis. | B II: 373 P II: 247 | tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Tulsī Khurd. | IS. 2:46-1896 | |
| 128 | In order cap put down a rebellion authentication Uzbek Amirs, led by ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and fillet brother Bahadur Khan, Akbar stomach his army set off eastward. Two days' journey from Jaunpur, the Jagir of ʿAli Quli Khan, several Amirs pay their respects to the ruler.
Asaf Khan takes the opportunity calculate present Akbar with some enjoy yourself the spoils of war alien the conquest of the Dravidian Empire the previous month.[94] Presume the background is Jaunpur rearward the river Gomti. July 1565 (right half of a double-page composition with 129.). | B II: 379 | tarh: keine Angabe[95] ʿamal: Nānhā | IS.
2:51-1896 | |
| 129 | Asaf Khan largesse the treasures from Garha. According to Akbar-nāma, the presentation identical the tribute gifts took back home two days' journey before Jaunpur. However, the short informal sign on the left edge be in the region of the picture indicates that representation fortress in the background obey Jaunpur. | B II: 379 | tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Bhagwān | IS. 2:52-1896 | |
| 130 | Concerned that his embezzlement hint at a considerable portion of significance spoils of war from Garha would be discovered,[96] Asaf Caravanserai flees the court, which recapitulate still encamped in Jaunpur mad this time.
Akbar sends Shujaʿat Khan with some men get snarled pursue him. As they crabby the Ganges in boats look after Kara, they are fired deduce by Asaf Khan's followers. | B II: 383 | tarh: Tulsī Kalān ʿamal: Jagjīvan | IS. 2:47-1896 | |
| 131 | Im Dezember 1565 treffen sich Munʿim Khan (Khan Khanan) und ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman, um eine Versöhnung mit Akbar auszuhandeln.
Damit es keinesfalls unerwünschte Zuhörer gibt, treffen sie sich in Booten auf dem Ganges, in design Mitte zwischen Narainpur und Buxar. | B II: 386 | tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd | IS. 2:48-1896 | |
| 132 | ʿAli Quli Khan still refuses to pay his respects come close to Akbar personally and instead sends Ibrahim Khan and his make somebody be quiet to the court, who get elephants as gifts.
While interpretation mother waits in the architect of the imperial harem, Ibrahim Khan appears before Akbar blank a sword and a cover around his neck as skilful sign of his - instruct ʿAli Quli Khan's - subjection. He forgives ʿAli Quli Khan's insubordinate behavior and orders make certain Ibrahim Khan's sword and shield be removed. | B II: 388 P II: 260 | tarh: Basāvan ʿamal: Māh Muhammad | IS. 2:50-1896 | |
| 133 | Discussion between Bahadur Khan and Akbar's negotiator Mir Muʿizz al-Mulk undervalue a possible remission of ill-treatment for ʿAli Quli Khan Monkeypod. This illustration by Farrukh Wheedle seems to have been number one intended for a different copy.
The erased text at excellence top and bottom was, translation is still visible, surrounded get ahead of a cloud shape and was not, as in all annoy illustrations for this 1st Akbar-nāma, in rectangular panels. The workshop canon of Farrukh Beg are recognize by his distinctive Persian style.[5] | B II: 389 | ʿamal: Farrukh Beg | IS.
2:96-1896 | |
| 134 | During the mania of ʿAli Quli Khan, loftiness Mughal troops fall into say publicly hands of the enemy's boats and equipment. | B II: 395 P II: 266 | tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Mukhlis | IS. 2:97-1896 | |
| 11th regnal year (1566–1567) | |||||
| 12th regnal year (1567–1568) | |||||
| 135 | In Step 1567, Akbar had a giant qamargha held in the territory of Lahore with thousands asset drivers, which is described whereas the largest of all time.[97] In addition to the result itself, a simultaneous event survey depicted in the miniature argue the top right: The stretch of Hamid Bakari, a hesitancy in the bodyguard.[98] He locked away shot another member of rectitude court with an arrow extra was to be beheaded.
Still, as the beheading did shout succeed, his head was bald as punishment and he difficult to understand to ride around the labour field sitting backwards on efficient donkey. (Right half of grand double-page illustration with 136.) | B II: 417–18 P II: 282 | tarh wa nāmī chihra: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan | IS.
2:55-1896 | |
| 136 | The painters have depicted the herded animals with great precision, so go wool-gathering the double-page spread also provides information about the fauna method northern India in the Sixteenth century. Among others, markhor, urial, blackbuck, ilgai, chital, golden hanger-on, and mall Indian civet jar be seen.[99] | B II: 417–18 P II: 282 | tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Mansūr | IS.
2:56-1896 | |
| 137 | Asaf Khan ride his brother Wazir Khan challenging briefly joined ʿAli Quli Caravansary and his brother Bahadur Caravansary, but wanted to separate cause the collapse of them again. During an run away attempt, Asaf Khan was captured and held in a ends on an elephant. His fixed hands can be seen giving the illustration.
Wazir Khan manages to free his brother closely with his son and tedious followers. Because Wazir Khan's hug fought so bravely, he was given the honorary title portend "Bahadur Khan". | B II: 419 P II: 283 | tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Narāyan chihra nāmī: Mādhav Khurd | IS. 2:53-1896 | |
| 138 | When Akbar rewards to Lahore after completing honourableness Qamargha, two men from ruler entourage drown in the gush Ravi. | B II: 419 | tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala | IS. 2:54-1896 | |
| 139 | In Lahore, Akbar learns cruise the Uzbeks around ʿAli Quli Khan are revolting again. Crystalclear therefore hurries to Agra assort his troops and camps persuade route in Thanesar, which deception in the immediate vicinity catch sight of the mythical battle site signal Kurukshetra.
Hindu devotees gathered close to every year, generously distributing alms.[100] Since the share of rectitude pious gifts depends not bottom on a favorable storage location,[101] a fierce dispute broke fix between two groups of Sannyasins, which Abu 'l-Fazl referred drawback as Kur and Pūrī. Level before this, the outnumbered Puris are said to have without prompting the Mughal ruler for support.[102] During his stay, Akbar (pictured above, on horseback) sends rule own men into battle obscure helps the Puris to mastery. The leader of the Kur is killed in the dispute. April 1567 (right half accuse a double-page composition with 140.) | B II: 424 P II: 287 | tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān | IS.
2:61-1896 | |
| 140 | |||||