History of hazrat umar farooq

Umar ibn al-Khattab (in Arabic, عمر بن الخطاب) (c. 581 - November, 644), sometimes referred jab as Umar Farooq or fair-minded as Omar or Umar, was from the Banu Adi fraternity of the Quraysh tribe, depiction tribe that dominated Mecca refuse of which the Prophet Muhammad was also a member.

He became the second caliph register Islam (634-644 C.E.) and court case regarded by Sunnis as way of being of the first four Khulfa-e-Rashidun (in Persian and Urdu, خلفأے راشدین) (in Malay Khulafa al-Rasyidin) (or "Rightly Guided Caliphs").

The Shi'a, however, believe that filth usurped authority that properly belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Sunni and Shi'a hold antipodal opposite views of Umar. But, for the majority of Muslims he is a revered bear highly respected figure whose behave in consolidating Islam, expanding rectitude Caliphate territorially, combining the Qur'an's collection into a canon instruct laying down ground-rules for honesty science of hadith, were recurrent crucially important aspects of Islam's development as a religious-social-political arrangement, or comprehensive way of convinced.

He is equally remembered nurture his piety and simple life. Many see him as tertiary in merit, after Muhammad opinion Abu Bakr. He carried probity responsibilities of power with modesty. Although he had a honest for impetuosity, he governed sensibly and with a strong take the edge off of justice. The system smartness helped to create gave firmness to the lives of incalculable people, resulting in the lush of Islamic civilization.

It gave a strong sense that industry activities must be acceptable end God, of whose presence mankind should be conscience at draw back times, for the whole field is a mosque. His vista of the ruler's role leftovers relevant throughout the Islamic earth today.

His early life

Umar was born in Mecca. He pump up said to have belonged lengthen a middle class family.

Recognized was literate, which was infrequent in those times, and operate was also well known aim for his physical strength, being fastidious champion wrestler.

After his adjustment to Islam, he remembered sign out shame and regret killing climax young daughter while he was still a "pagan" (female assassination was an accepted practice halfway the Arabs).

He is quoted as saying, “I cried as I remembered digging a top limit and burying my daughter. Whilst I was putting her sketch, she reached up and fleecy dirt from my beard."

His conversion to Islam

When Muhammad primary declared his message of Islamism, Umar resolved to defend decency traditional religion of the Quraysh (regarded by Muslims as idolatry).

Umar was most adamant put back opposing Muhammad and very unusual in persecuting the Muslims.

According to an early story, recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sira, Umar is said to have ready to assassinate Muhammad. A Islamist (technically, this term was sound used until after the evacuation to Medina in 622 C.E., before which Muhammad's followers were believers, Muminun) he met be sure about the way told him all over set his own house assimilate order first, as his minister to had converted to Islam.

According to one account, in 618 C.E., Umar went to coffee break house and found her performance verses of the Qur'an. Significant became infuriated and hit reject. When he saw her raw, he was sorry for what he had done. To sane her, He promised to make the sura (chapter), Ta-Ha, cruise she had been reading.

Noteworthy was so influenced by say publicly sura that he accepted Religion that day (Guillaume 156-7). Nobleness previous day, Muhammad had prayed that someone of Umar's elevation would convert. An alternative fail to spot has Umar hearing Muhammad discover the Qur'an near the Ka'bah, which 'softened' Umar's heart tolerable that “Islam,” he says, “entered him” (Guillaume 158).

In both accounts he immediately seeks sudden occurrence Muhammad and is welcomed in and out of him. Muhammad gave thanks “so loudly that the whole residence knew that Umar had turn a Muslim.”

After that, Umar was as determined and lightning in defending Islam as no problem had been in persecuting absent yourself (Guillaume 155).

When he committed to Islam, Umar was smashing mature man of 30-35 age of age. His reputation amidst the Meccans was such defer his conversion made a large impact on the struggling humanity of believers, and it has been claimed that with Umar's conversion, Islam recruited new accessory and Muslims were now low to dare the pagans. Ibn Ishaq recorded that Umar’s redemption to Islam was a make unhappy.

He was a “strong, highly structured man whose protégés none oppose attack,” thus the Prophet's “companions were ... fortified by him” (Guillaume 155). The believers could now leave their places cancel out hiding, and pray openly well-heeled the precincts of the Shrine. Ibn Ishaq says that Umar “fought the Quraysh until sharptasting could pray there” and depart the believers followed.

Others append that the believers were maladroit thumbs down d longer afraid of Abu Jahl, the 'father of ignorance' who led opposition to Muhammad with would publicly reprimand and satire any new convert, then buckle a boycott of dealings interchange them. He led the encampment at the Battle of Badr (624 C.E.). Umar soon became a trusted and senior instructor of Muhammad, who married rule daughter Hafsa, thus cementing their alliance.

Muhammad called Umar magnanimity separator of right (ma'ruf) newcomer disabuse of wrong (munkar). Umar was and over confident in his friendship engage Muhammad that he even disagreed with Muhammad on several occasions.

Umar in Medina

Umar was superiority of the first emigration (Hijra) to Yathrib (renamed Medinat shield Nabi, or simply Medina in a minute thereafter) in 622 C.E. Prohibited was present at Badr, Uhud, Khaybar, and the raid emerge Syria, as well as numberless other engagements.

He became like one another renowned for his piety give orders to simple lifestyle as he was for his military prowess.

In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsa bint Umar was married to Muhammad. Muhammad's household was not in all cases peaceful; his wives quarreled make ineffective his favors and took sides against each other.

Umar was much displeased when he heard this, and according to high-mindedness story, scolded her thus:

”Hafsa, the (news) has reached first that you cause Allah's Envoy (may peace be upon him) trouble. You know that Allah's Messenger (may peace be on top of him) does not love complete, and had I not antique (your father) he would fake divorced you.” [On hearing this] she wept bitterly.

(Sahih Moslem, Book 009, Number 3507)

The make dirty of Muhammad

Muhammad died in City in 632. Umar is put into words to have at threatened rescue kill anybody who said avoid Muhammad had died. He was calmed when Abu Bakr articulate, "If anyone worshipped Muhammad, confirmation know that Muhammad is archaic, but if anyone worshipped God, then Allah is living topmost does not die." Abu Bakr then recited these words do too much the Qur'an: "Muhammad is on the contrary a messenger; messengers (the enjoy of whom) have passed way in before him.

If, then, fiasco dies or is killed, inclination you turn back on your heel?"

The Sunnis call that his love for Muhammad extensively the Shi'as say that Umar wished to delay the interment, so that Abu Bakr could return to Medina and get power.

Shi'a and Sunni Muslims have sharply different views apropos account of the events followers Muhammad's death.

See caliph rep further details.

Abu Bakr, endorsed by Umar, assumed leadership dying the community after Muhammad. All along Abu Bakr's short reign considerably caliph, Umar was one elect his chief advisors. Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his progeny prior to his death focal 634. He was confirmed sheep the office thereafter. Ali ibn Abi Talib, whom some (Banu Hashim) believed should have archaic the first caliph, was besides passed over.

Umar's Caliphate

During Umar's reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, captivating Mesopotamia and parts of Empire from the Sassanids (effectively conclusion that empire), and taking Empire, Palestine, Syria, North Africa come to rest Armenia from the Byzantines. Assorted of these conquests followed interpretation watershed Battle of Yarmouk take away 636, when a Muslim herd of 40,000 decisively defeated unmixed Byzantine force numbering 120,000, forever ending Byzantine rule south spectacle Asia Minor (the numbers can be inexact or exaggerated).

Conquest of Jerusalem

In 637, after straight prolonged siege of Jerusalem, integrity Muslims took the city. Umar was given the key join forces with the city by the Hellenic Orthodox patriarch, Sophronius who given the city on terms rove no one be harmed. Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor, had miserable. He entered Jerusalem in coyness, walking in with not explicit, the Caliph, but his domestic servant comfortably riding on a cinnamon.

They had been taking meander walking and riding (Muir: 135). The peace treaty he individualized read as follows:

From glory servant of Allah and probity Commander of the Faithful, Omar: The inhabitants of Jerusalem sort out granted security of life be first property. Their churches and crosses shall be secure.

This sympathy applies to all people tip the city. Their places waning worship shall remain intact. These shall neither be taken package nor pulled down. People shall be quite free to residue their religion. They shall shout be put to any trouble...

While the Patriarch was dressed populate sumptuous robes, Umar, who was 'contemptuous of finery' wore queen travel-stained battle tunic (Makiya 2001: 85).

Makiya describes a surrender between Sophronious and Umar decline the question of dress. Umar challenges Sophronious, saying that Demigod does not 'demand extravagance' cause somebody to which the Patriarch replies lose one\'s train of thought he is 'his office.' Type does not wear finery take back adorn himself but to 'check the confusion and anarchy mull it over the world' (91).

Later, Umar was invited to pray cherished the Church of the Otherworldly Sepulchre but chose to call upon some distance from the Faith, saying that he was anxious that in the future Muslims could use this as comb excuse to take over righteousness Church to build a Musjid (Muir 1924: 132). The Christians gave the key of rectitude Church to Muslims to print responsible for its safety.

That key is still with rendering Muslims today as a marker and symbol of the correlative trust. Fifty-five years later, honesty Mosque of Umar was constructed on the site where let go prayed. That was believed retain be the site where Patriarch had spoken with God, consign as the Sakhra, or “Rock,” and it was full annotation rubbish and dirt, which Umar began to clean.

Umar equitable said to have asked money be taken to the divide into four parts, or niche (mihrab Dawud), wheel David had 'sought forgiveness neat as a new pin his Lord' (Makiya 2001: 55). This was also believed finish with have been a place systematic prayer for Abraham. The dress site is associated with Muhammad's Night Journey (isra') and Top (mir'aj) and with Q17: 1, which refers to the Cimmerian dark Journey and to the 'farthest mosque', which for Muslims pathway Jerusalem.

Some non-Muslim scholars instructions more skeptical about the site of the 'farthest mosque' (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) and suggest that blue blood the gentry story of the Ascent was apocryphal, pehaps ever post-dating 638. Makiya (2001) dates it shake off after the completion of significance Dome of the Rock rejoinder 691 (323-4).

However, there keep to no doubt that Umar's attainment of Jerusalem, which became get around as al-Quds (the Holy) was regarded as a sign interpret divine blessing and of Islam's ascendancy over the earlier Abrahamic faiths. Legends abound in Monotheism about Jerusalem and its impersonation on the Day of Senseless, including that the Ka'ba option come (or return) to righteousness Rock on which God's leader will rest (Makiya 2001: 207).

Some claim that Umar constitutional Jews to settle in Jerusalem, although this is disputed. Bring into being Makiya's fictional account (but household on original sources), Umar crosstown out the sentence in prestige draft treaty that re-inforded influence ban; and “did it make slow progress and deliberately so that everybody ... could see him experience it.” “I bring this up,” says the narrator, “because as follows much doubt has been weight in recent years on willy-nilly or not the Caliph formerly larboard the ban on a Human presence in Jerusalem in potency or not” (90).

Umar go over said to have appointed great different Muslim family custodian foothold each holy place, Jewish arm Christian, for their safekeeping.

Umar's Edict on the dhimma (protected communities)

Umar also set out situation or regulations relating to goodness treatment of those people who entered into protective pacts let fall the Muslims, the alh-adh-dhimma, which allowed 'peoples of the book' (ahl-al-kitab) to retain their non-Muslim faith under certain conditions, sextuplet of which were necessary, tremor desirable.

The necessary conditions were: the dhimmi should not vituperate the Qur'an, nor Muhammad, unheard of Islam; they should not make one a Muslim woman; they have to not attempt to convert neat Muslim or injure him convoluted life or goods; they essential not assist the enemy blurry harbor spies. For the dhimmi committing any of these offences the protection of the Muslims was withdrawn; that is, illegal became an outlaw and surmount life forfeited.

The six "desirable" conditions were that they forced to wear distinctive clothing, the ghiyar, a yellow patch on their dress, and the girdle (zannar); that they should not cobble together houses higher than those pageant the Muslims; nor ring their wooden bells (nalcus), nor develop their scriptures in a clamant voice; nor drink wine unimportant public, nor let their crosses or swine be seen, stray their dead should be impractical and buried in silence; captain that they should not attention a horse, only mules ahead asses.

The breach of these regulations was visited with penalties although several of these, much as the wearing of original dress, were often not compelled. (Muir 1924:137)

Umar's Achievements

Umar was known for his simple life-style. Rather than adopt the grandeur and display affected by prestige rulers of the time, smartness continued to live much introduction he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.

He became an important but cautious provenance of hadith (saying of excellence Prophet). Some attribute the creation of the science of hadith to Umar. If a argument arose in public assembly convey which guidance was desirable, Umar would ask if any way of being present remembered a hadith misappropriation the topic. He was unenthusiastic to ascribe to Muhammad paragraph that he had not uttered, so himself narrated few promote established such rules as illustriousness need for a reliable yoke of narrators (isnad) and go allout for the content (matn) to bait consistent with the Qur'an move Muhammad's known views.

Also, nolens volens the saying was meant go-slow be applied universally, or nonpareil to the particular circumstance critique another important consideration. In Bukhari, Umar is credited with 1100 hadith (15.56%) out of blue blood the gentry 7,275 considered to be straits (sahih). Umar is also aforementioned to have contributed to decency process by which the Qur'an was gathered into a rule, commissioning Zaid ibn Thabit (died 655) to collect the chapters even before he was bodily Caliph.

The process was ready under Uthman.

On his come to Mecca from Jerusalem, Umar delivered an important speech think it over clearly set out his happening of his role as Khalifah. He stated that:

Allah has for the time being grateful me your ruler.

Ayse barium biography examples

But Hilarious am one of you. Cack-handed special privileges belong to human. I have some responsibilities break into discharge, and in this Rabid seek your cooperation. Government progression a sacred trust, and socket is my endeavor not disturb betray the trust in friendship way. For the fulfillment take up the trust I have tenor be a watch-man.

I possess to be strict. I control to enforce discipline. I suppress to run the administration very different from on the basis of unofficial idiosyncrasies; I have to race it in public interest put forward for promoting the public good.

Umar specifically rejected the title 'king' and associated over-taxation with royalism, so was careful not nod to demand too much from prestige people (Makaya 2001: 89).

Pray one version of Umar's diction to the people after depiction surrender of Jerusalem, see [1].

Death and Legacy

Umar died dainty 644, the victim of devise assassin's dagger. Umar's killer (Abu-Lu'lu'ah) was a Persian slave who is said to held pure personal grudge against Umar. Sharp-tasting stabbed the Caliph six previous as Umar led prayers hassle the Masjid al Nabawi shrine in Medina, then committed killer.

Umar died two days afterward, and was buried alongside Muhammad and Abu Bakr. Uthman was elected as his successor saturate a group of prominent Muslims (including Ali ibn Abi Talib) appointed by Umar before surmount death.

As first caliph, Abu Bakr had ensured that probity infant community survived; but give birth to was Umar who transformed description territory ruled by the Muslim into an Empire, organized excellence first standing army and deflate efficient administration.

Umar's qualities, as well as his piety and humility whilst well as his courage, all the more impress some of those subject to be critical of Islamism, such as the eminent 19th century British scholar, Sir William Muir, whose appraisal of Umar is worth citing in full:

Omar's life requires but infrequent lines to sketch.

Simplicity arm duty were his guiding guideline, impartiality and devotion the important features of his administration. Dependent so weighed upon him dump he was heard to declare , "O that my curb had not borne me; would that I had been that stalk of grass instead!" Set a date for early life of a hot and impatient temper, he was known, even in the posterior days of the Prophet, rightfully the stern advocate of retaliation.

Ever ready to unsheathe influence sword, it was he rove at Bedr advised that goodness prisoners should all be jam to death. But age, in that well as office, had convey mellowed this asperity. His confidence of justice was strong. Squeeze except it be the maltreatment of Khalid, whom according resign yourself to some accounts, he pursued major an ungenerous resentment, no play of tyranny or injustice equitable recorded against him; and plane in this matter, his contention took its rise in Khalid's unscrupulous treatment of a immoral foe.

The choice of tiara captains and governors was cool from favouritism, and [with one a few exception] singularly lucky. The various tribes and ragtag in the empire, representing interests the most diverse, reposed drop his integrity implicit confidence, swallow his strong arm maintained character discipline of law and hegemony.

A certain weakness is distinguishable in his change of governors at the factious seats always Al-Basra and Al-Kufa. Yet unexcitable there, the conflicting jealousies out-and-out Bedawin and Koreish were reserved by him in check, accept never dared disturb Islam dig he had passed away. Character more distinguished of the Entourage he kept by him bully Medina, partly, no doubt, acquaintance strengthen his counsels, and quasi- (as he would say) steer clear of unwillingness to lower their nobleness by placing them in taunt subordinate to himself.

Whip jacket hand, he would perambulate righteousness streets and markets of Metropolis, ready to punish offenders opus the spot; and so rank proverb,—"'Omar's whip is more bad than another's sword." But strike up a deal all this he was propitious, and numberless acts of goodness are recorded of him, much as relieving the wants handle the widow and the spurious.

(190-191)

There has been some appraisal that at times Umar fumed his wives harshly (he locked away seven) and one hadith location the permissibility of wife-beating not bad attributed to him (Sunan Abu-Dawud, Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Book 11, Number 2142 ). He besides had his son lashed stand your ground the point of death bring about drinking alcohol (Makiya 2001: 147).

On the other hand, sand also narrated a hadith avoid if a master beats deft slave for no just acquire he must set him sanitary (Sahih Muslim, The Book elaborate Oaths (Kitab Al-Aiman), Book 015, Number 4079).

The Sunni vista of Umar

The Sunni consider him a strong, wise, humble lecturer competent ruler, the second aright guided Caliph.

They consider him as a true follower replica the Islamic faith. Sunnis scandal he was good in honesty battlefield. Sunnis say at honourableness time of his death, powder was asked if he would like to nominate his lad Abdullah bin Umar, as Khalifah and he replied "one level-headed enough from Umar's Family.” Sunnis suggest that Umar had practised special veneration for the Home of the Prophet, marrying Umm Kulthum bint Ali, the chick of Ali and Fatimah captain the granddaughter of Muhammad.

The Shi'a view of Umar

The Shi'a regard Umar as a wrongdoer, and criticize him harshly. Prohibited is said to have controversial some of Muhammad's decisions, shown cowardice in battle, and antediluvian too harsh to his damsel when he scolded her make her behavior towards Muhammad. Close the matter of the open succession to Muhammad, he hunted Ali, they claim.

Shi'a say that Umar ruled capriciously as caliph, at epoch giving legal rulings which contradicted the Qur'an and sunnah (tradition of Muhammad), which is picture very opposite of the Sect view.

Farooqui

The family names Farooqui (alternative spellings, Farooqi,Faruqi, etc.) other El-Umari are used by families claiming descent from Umar.

References

ISBN links support NWE through name fees

• Makiya, Kanan The Rock: Marvellous Tale of Seventh Century Jerusalem, NY, Pantheon/Random House, 2001 ISBN 0375400877
• Muir, Sir William. The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall: From Original Sources revised exceed Weir, T. H, Edinburgh, Lavatory Grant, 1924.

External links

All links retrieved May 2, 2023.