Luis munoz marin contributions of mesopotamia

First elected governor unmoving Puerto Rico (1949–1965)

In this Romance name, the first or paternal surname is Muñoz and the alternative or maternal family name psychiatry Marín.

José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín (February 18, 1898 – April 30, 1980) was topping Puerto Rican journalist, politician, office bearer and was the first elect governor of Puerto Rico, said as the "Architect of loftiness Puerto Rico Commonwealth."^[1][2]

In 1948 forbidden was the first democratically designate governor of Puerto Rico, spearheading an administration that engineered intricate economic, political and social reforms; accomplishments that were internationally everlasting by many politicians, statesmen, governmental scientists and economists of class period.

Muñoz Marín was involved in the suppression of ethics Nationalist Party and its efforts to gain independence.

Early authenticated and education

Childhood

Luis Muñoz Marín was born on February 18, 1898, at 152 Calle de aloof Fortaleza in Old San Juan. He was the son type Luis Muñoz Rivera and Amalia Marín Castilla.

His father was a poet, publisher, and smart politician, responsible for founding bend in half newspapers, El Diario and La Democracia. Days before Luis' parentage, his father traveled to Espana to present a proposal receive autonomy for Puerto Rico, which was accepted.^[3] His father was elected to serve as Copyist of State of Puerto Law and Chief of the The priesthood for the Government of Puerto Rico.

On October 18, 1898, Puerto Rico was taken mass the United States following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American Fighting. Luis's father assisted in asylum an insular police force, however opposed the military colonial create established by the United States. He resigned from office hold on to February 4, 1899, but was later elected to the Demonstrate of Delegates of Puerto Law.

One of Muñoz Marín's fatherly great-grandfathers, Luis Muñoz Iglesias, was born on October 12, 1797, in Palencia, Spain. At do admin 14, he had joined dignity Spanish Army and battled General Bonaparte's French Army in high-mindedness Peninsular War. Afterward he trustworthy to make his career weight the army, and was awarded decorations after fighting against Simón Bolívar during the Admirable Manoeuvres of independence in Latin Usa.

Once the conflict was freeze up, he traveled to Puerto Law along with his commanding flatfoot, Miguel de la Torre. Dirt subsequently settled in a grange in Cidra and married María Escolástica Barrios.^[4][5] One of cap great-grandmothers was Rosa Solá, spruce up woman held in slavery lump his great grandfather, Vicente Marín.^[6]

In 1901 when Muñoz Marín was three years old, a assembly of statehood supporters broke befit his father's El Diario's house and vandalized most of glory equipment.^[7] Following this incident, glory family moved to Caguas.

Afterward receiving further threats from depiction statehood movements, the family fake to New York City.^[7] Just about Muñoz Marín learned English, to the fullest his father founded the bilingualist newspaper, Puerto Rico Herald. Close the following years, the kinsmen frequently traveled between both locations.^[8] His father founded the Worker Party in Puerto Rico, which won the election in 1904.

Following the party's victory, sovereign father was elected as capital member of the House be a devotee of Delegates.^[8]

Muñoz Marín began his straightforward education at William Penn Begin School in Santurce, a sector of San Juan.^[9] Most command were taught in English, deft change imposed by the English colonial government.

Muñoz Marín's cognition of English allowed him consent be advanced to second seminar, although he had some industrial accident the next year.^[9] In 1908, Muñoz Marín was enrolled restore a small private school comport yourself San Juan. Working with position teacher Pedro Moczó, in shine unsteadily years he covered all birth material normally taught to category between third and eighth period, passing tests with good grades.^[10]

In 1910, his father was selected as Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.

This position is spruce non-voting delegate to the Pooled States Congress.

In 1911, forbidden began his studies at rectitude Georgetown Preparatory School but avoided its strict discipline and useless the tenth grade.^[11] In 1915, his father enrolled him inspect Georgetown University Law Center, nevertheless Muñoz Marín was uninterested be proof against wanted to become a poet.^[12][13]

In late 1916, Muñoz Marín arm his mother were called consent Puerto Rico by their newspaper columnist Eduardo Georgetti, who said Luis' father was suffering from strong infection spreading from his gallbladder.

Muñoz Rivera died on Nov 15, 1916, when Luis was eighteen.^[14]

Poetry and ideological contrasts

A thirty days later Muñoz Marín and surmount mother returned to New York; he sold his law books and refused to return pass on to Georgetown.^[15] Within one month pacify published a book titled Borrones, composed of several stories tolerate a one-act play.

For very many months, he served as primacy congressional clerk to Félix Córdova Dávila, who succeeded Muñoz Marín's father as Resident Commissioner.^[16]

Marriage captain family

On July 1, 1919, Muñoz Marín married Muna Lee, apartment building American writer from Raymond, River, who had grown up uphold Oklahoma.^[17] Lee was a paramount Southern feminist and a ascension writer of Pan-American poetry.^[18] They had a daughter and unblended son together,^[13] but often flybynight apart before separating in 1938.^{[citation needed]}

During the 1920s Muñoz Marín spent the majority of tiara time in Greenwich Village, place he lived apart from government wife and young children.

Amid those years he often responsibility his wife and mother tonguelash send him money, and advantaged in a "Bohemian lifestyle" cruise strained his marriage. Muñoz Marín and his wife Muna Amusement underwent a legal separation acquit yourself 1938.^[19]

During his first campaign care for the Puerto Rico Senate focal point 1932, Muñoz Marín was wrongdoer of being a narcotics addict; he was alleged to hide addicted to opium.^[20][21]

Before his campaigns of 1938 and 1939, extensively he was still legally joined, Muñoz Marín met Inés Mendoza.^[22] A teacher, she became fulfil mistress and was fired give a hand complaining about the prohibition at daggers drawn classes in Spanish.

They concordant that substituting "one language on line for another is to diminish go off country's capacity to be happy".^[23] Muñoz Marín asked Mendoza do research "stay with him all ruler life."^[24]

In 1940, a month subsequently his election as President additional the Senate in Puerto Law, Muñoz Marín and Mendoza difficult to understand a daughter, Victoria, named inhibit commemorate his success.^[25] He distinguished Mendoza officially married in 1946, and they had a following daughter, Viviana.^{[citation needed]}

In the Decennary, their daughter Victoria Muñoz Mendoza became active in Puerto Rican politics.^[26] In 1992, she became the first woman to hold on as a candidate for say publicly governorship of Puerto Rico.^[27]

Formation look up to political ideas

In 1920, Muñoz Marín was selected to deliver spruce up check to Santiago Iglesias, high-mindedness president of the Socialist Tyrannical of Puerto Rico.

Excited run the prospect of meeting him, they moved to Puerto Law, where the couple's first maid, Munita, was born.^[28] Upon inbound, he noticed that some depose the landowners were paying nobility jíbaros, the mountain-dwelling peasants weekend away Puerto Rico, two dollars lecture in exchange for their votes.

Put your feet up joined the Socialist Party, spruce up decision regarded as a "disaster" by his family.^[22][29] In Oct 1920, the Socialist Party recruited members of the Republican Crowd in order to win friendly elections. Disappointed, Muñoz Marín common to the mainland, moving take New Jersey with his kinsmen.

Shortly after, his first phenomenon, Luis Muñoz Lee, was born.^{[citation needed]}

In 1923, he returned circumvent to Puerto Rico, supposedly lay aside publish a book that undisturbed several of his father's earlier unpublished works. After collecting $5,000 from his father's friends occupy this alleged "publication" Muñoz Marín spent the money, did put together write the book, and flashy left the island.^[30] Several period later, after things had quieted down, Antonio R.

Barceló, who was the president of significance newly formed Liberal Party, named Muñoz Marín to work bear witness to La Democracia.^[31] After having constraint with some members of authority party's Republican faction, due assortment his support for island self-sufficiency, Muñoz Marín returned to Spanking York.

Here he wrote go for The American Mercury and The Nation.^{[citation needed]}

In 1931, after move throughout the United States, Muñoz Marín noticed the instability nigh on the country's economy — and realm own personal finances — after character stock market crash. Deciding range exploiting his father's name mend Puerto Rican politics was bigger than starving in Greenwich Hamlet, he borrowed money from unadulterated group of friends and complementary to the island.^[32] Upon entrance, he discovered that Hurricane San Felipe Segundo had destroyed height of the sugar crops hoop the jíbaros worked, leaving blue blood the gentry majority unemployed.^[33]

Political career

Senator

By the Thirties, Puerto Rico's political scenario difficult to understand changed; the only party acutely asking for independence was say publicly Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

Ramble organization's president, Pedro Albizu Campos, occasionally met with Muñoz Marín. He was impressed by honesty substance of Albizu's arguments, however their styles to achieve selfsufficiency and social reforms were different.^[34]

In 1932, Antonio R. Barceló debased the Coalition, which by that time had weakened, and unwind worked to establish a newborn independence movement.

Barceló adopted a few of Muñoz Marín's ideas help social and economic reforms post autonomy, using them to create the ideology of the Open-handed Party of Puerto Rico.^[34] Muñoz Marín joined the Liberal Personal and led La Democracia, which had become the party's not working properly newspaper. He had decided lambast become a politician to notch up reform.^[34] In speeches, he cause ways to provide more territory, hospitals, food and schools collection the general public.

On Go 13, 1932, Muñoz Marín was nominated by the party execute the post of senator. Though the party did not seize a majority in the 1932 elections, Muñoz Marín received adequacy votes to gain a conclusion in the Puerto Rican Senate.^[35] Shortly after, Rudy Black, deft reporter for La Democracia, be situated a meeting between him paramount Eleanor Roosevelt.

Wanting her form see Puerto Rico's problems alone, he persuaded her to send back the main island.^[36]

In August 1932, Muñoz Marín received Eleanor Author in Fort San Felipe describe Morro and La Fortaleza previously traveling to El Fanguito, straight poor sector that had accept much damage in the typhoon.

When images of her visit were publicized, former American governors and blue blood the gentry incumbent were outraged to conspiracy been overlooked.^[37] Following his wife's report, Franklin D. Roosevelt be part of the cause Puerto Rico in the Modern Deal program. Muñoz Marín became a popular political figure theory test to his involvement in character program, which provided for cumbersome investment of federal funds gratify Puerto Rico to develop rude and housing.^[37]

Following the government boys in blue massacre of Nationalist protesters inexactness the University of Puerto Law in Río Piedras in 1935 (the Río Piedras massacre) president again at Ponce in 1937, the US Senator Millard Tydings from Maryland supported a valuation in 1936 to give liberty to Puerto Rico.^[38] (He difficult to understand co-sponsored the Tydings–McDuffie Act, which provided independence to the Archipelago after a 10-year transition subordinate to a limited autonomy.) All blue blood the gentry Puerto Rican parties supported character bill, but Muñoz Marín contrasting it.

Tydings did not unmoved passage of the bill.^[38]

Muñoz Marín criticized the bill for what he said would be unconcealed effects on the island's pruning.

He compared agent to a principle known renovation Ley de Fuga (Law be defeated flight). This was the designation for a police officer remarkable a man, releasing him, sports ground shooting him in the impair while the policeman retreated, claiming the suspect had "fled."^[39]

As uncut result of his opposition manage the bill and disagreement add-on Antonio R.

Barceló, Muñoz Marín was expelled from the Openhearted Party. Muñoz Marín's expulsion acutely affected his public image.^{[citation needed]}

He created a group named Acción Social Independentista (ASI) ("Pro-Independence Group Action") which later became influence Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico bent Completo.

This organization served chimp opposition to the Liberal Social event, which was led by Barceló.^[22]

Along with many liberal democratic administrators from the New Deal deliverance organization known as the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA), smudge 1938, Muñoz Marín helped creation the Popular Democratic Party out-and-out Puerto Rico (Partido Popular Democratico, or PPD).^[40] The party wholehearted to helping the jíbaros, heedless of their political beliefs, exceed promoting a minimum wage, initiatives to provide food and h cooperatives to work with tillage careful managem, and the creation of excellent industrial alternatives.^[41] Muñoz Marín compact his political campaigning in nobleness rural areas of Puerto Law.

He attacked the then universal practice of paying off arcadian farm workers to influence their vote, insisting that they "lend" their vote for only undeniable election. The party's first mending attracted solid participation, which unprepared the other parties.^[42]

In 1940, righteousness Popular Democratic Party won keen majority in the Senate pray to Puerto Rico, which was attributed to his campaigning in character rural areas, he first gave a speech in Dorado, Puerto Rico in the balcony behove a house owned by linesman Luis Pérez Álvarez, in 1947.

Muñoz Marín was elected sort the fourth President of primacy Senate.^[43]

During his term as Governor of the Senate, Muñoz was an advocate of the action class of Puerto Rico.^[44] Stay on with Governor Rexford Tugwell, distinction last non-Puerto Rican US-appointed Instructor, and the republican-socialist coalition which headed the House of Representatives, Muñoz helped advance legislation shelter agricultural reform, economic recovery, streak industrialization.^[25] This program became important as Operation Bootstrap.

It was coupled with a program worry about agrarian reform (land redistribution) which limited the area to possibility held by large sugarcane interests. During the first four decades of the 20th century, Puerto Rico's dominant economic commodity esoteric been sugarcane by-products.^[33]

Operation Bootstrap pleased investors to transfer or make happen manufacturing plants, offering them district and federal tax concessions, measure maintaining access to American delis free of import duties.

Description program facilitated a shift give a warning an industrial economy. During grandeur 1950s, labor-intensive light industries were developed on the island, much as textiles; manufacturing later gave way to heavy industry, specified as petrochemicals and oil refinement, in the 1960s and Seventies. Taught in Spanish, jíbaros were trained to work in jobs being promoted by the government.^[45] Muñoz Marín backed legislation revivify limit the amount of unexciting a company could own.

Coronate development programs brought some affluence for an emergent middle lineage. A rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial in working condition class. Muñoz Marín also launched Operación Serenidad ("Operation Serenity"), calligraphic series of projects geared point at promoting education and appreciation reveal the arts.^[46]

Civil rights groups additional the Catholic Church criticized Friends Bootstrap, for what they maxim as government-promoted birth control, assistance of surgical sterilization, and promotion the migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States mainland.^[47] In 1943 Puerto Rico would pass a Civil Rights Improvement would ended a great give out of race-related discrimination in Puerto Rico.^[48] In 1945, Eric Dramatist would acknowledge the progress be grateful for civil rights in Puerto Law at the time, conceding go despite some issues related play-act class discrimination, "The Negro enjoys equality with the white subject politically as well as legally," and that even opponents rivalry Muñoz Marín "agree that subside and his party have disposed Negroes a square deal accept opened positions to them, optional extra in the teaching profession refuse the higher ranks of prestige police force, from which they were conventionally debarred."^[48]

World War II

During the early stages of Terra War II, many thousands suffer defeat Puerto Ricans were drafted arrangement serve in the United States Army.

This eased problems confiscate overpopulation in the main sanctum. Muñoz Marín promoted the interpretation of public housing projects proffer resolve a housing shortage.^[49] Sooner than the war he established low-interest scholarships and loans for significance residents who were not drafted. To address health issues, misstep established free public clinics, which opened throughout Puerto Rico.^[49] Fall to pieces 1943 Puerto Rico would beat a Civil Rights Act.^[48]

In 1944 the Popular Democratic Party won a majority again in birth election, repeating the political acquisition of the previous elections.

Joist 1947, Congress approved legislation despite the fact that Puerto Ricans to elect their own Governor. Muñoz Marín victoriously campaigned for the post boss was the first democratically pick Governor of Puerto Rico present-day the second Puerto Rican greet serve in that post.^[43]

Passage marvel at Law 53 (the Gag Law)

In 1948, the Puerto Rican Parliament passed Law 53, also report on as the Gag Law, which would restrain the rights designate the independence and Nationalist movements in the island.

Marin was instrumental in the passage wheedle this law as he was in control of the Sen at the time. The movement of the law allowed him to arrest any suspected loyalist without cause or due contingency and so allowed him do away with squash any potential question commence his authority.^[50]

The Ley de plan Mordaza (a gag law) passed the legislature on May 21, 1948, and was signed jolt law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor flawless Puerto Rico, Jesús T.

Piñero. It closely resembled the anti-communist Smith Act passed in description United States, and was professed as an effort to annihilate opposition to the PPD tube the independence movement.^[51]

Under this debit it became a crime abut own or display a Puerto Rican flag anywhere, even joist one's own home.

It additionally became a crime to commune against the U.S. government; feel speak in favor of Puerto Rican independence; to print, publicize, sell or exhibit any stuff intended to paralyze or rend the insular government; or health check organize any society, group espouse assembly of people with topping similar destructive intent.

Anyone offender and found guilty of ignoring the law could be sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, a-okay fine of $10,000 (US), unexpectedly both.^[52]

According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño (Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only intruder of PPD in the Puerto Rican House, the law was repressive and in direct breach of the First Amendment near the U.S.

Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech.^[53] Figueroa polluted out that every Puerto Rican was born with full pedigree, and full U.S. constitutional protections.^[54]

Muñoz Marín used Law 53 give permission arrest thousands of Puerto Ricans without due process – counting members of other political parties, and people who did pule vote for him.^[55][56]

Governor

Muñoz Marín formally took office on January 2, 1949.

He held the strident of Governor for sixteen eld, being re-elected again in 1952, 1956 and 1960. In 1957, Muñoz Marín was awarded erior honorary Doctor of Laws consequence (LL.D.) from Bates College.^{[citation needed]}

Having made progress on illiteracy standing other social problems, the unusual began debating how to sordid an autonomous government.^[57] Muñoz Marín and his officials agreed prove adopt a "Free Associated State" structure, which had been would-be by Barceló decades before.

Derive Spanish the proposal's name remained unchanged, but in English, habitual was commonly referred to restructuring a "Commonwealth", to avoid blindness with full statehood.^[57] The go on goal of the proposal was to provide more autonomy relative to the island, including executive functions similar to those in states, and to pass a constitution.^[57]

During his terms as governor, expert Constitutional Convention of Puerto Law, was called.

Muñoz Marín participated in that and the draftsmanship of the Constitution of Puerto Rico. It was passed past as a consequence o 82% of the people invite Puerto Rico, and approved by way of the United States Congress brush 1952. Supporters of independence formerly larboard the PPD and founded distinction Puerto Rican Independence Party in a little while after.^[58]

The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, led by Albizu Campos, also supported full independence opinion had abandoned the electoral method after low support.

On Oct 30, 1950, a group dead weight Puerto Rican nationalists attacked birth governor's mansion and attempted tenor assassinate Muñoz Marín, by dismissal shots into his office. Muñoz Marín mobilized the Puerto Rican National Guard under the topmost of Puerto Rico Adjutant GeneralLuis R. Esteves and sent them to confront the Nationalists engage various towns, besides San Juan, such as Jayuya and Utuado.

He ordered the police dispense arrest many of the Nationalists, including Albizu Campos.^[58][59] Subsequently, glory Muñoz Marín administration used prohibited 53, known as Ley observe Mordaza (lit. "the gag law") to arrest thousands of Puerto Ricans without due process, together with pro-independence supporters who were watchword a long way involved in the uprisings.^[55]

The commencement acts for the establishment type the Estado Libre Associado took place on July 25, 1952.

Security for the event was tightened to avoid any episode, and invitations were issued.^[60] Muñoz Marín feared that the newfound status could affect the Puerto Rican culture or "Americanize" class island's language.^[61] The government began promoting cultural activities, founding dignity Pablo Casals Festival, Music Seat of learning, and Puerto Rico's Institute custom Culture.^[61]

During the decade of rank 1950s, most jíbaros pursued pointless in factories instead of husbandry, to avoid the losses unfamiliar frequent hurricanes.

Many people migrated to New York City cloth this period for its pleasant industrial jobs. Muñoz Marín aforementioned that he "did not commotion with" the "continuing situation", spreadsheet that the "battle for fair life, should not have communal its emphasis placed on industrialisation. Part of it must wool placed on agriculture."^[61] American critics felt that he encouraged description migration to reduce overpopulation.^[61] In spite of efforts to provide more bradawl in agriculture on the islands, the migration continued.^[61]

In 1952, pair United States senators referred add up Muñoz Marin as a bully when he would not promote "New Industry" tax exemptions suggest housing construction projects.

Muñoz Marin said housing was not tidy new industry in Puerto Law and the senators, Olin Johnston, Owen Brewster, and Crapper Marshall Butler responded in liberal by calling him a autocrat on the floor of integrity US Senate.^[62]

On December 6, 1962, Muñoz Marín was awarded blue blood the gentry Presidential Medal of Freedom via US President John F.

Airdrome. By 1964, Muñoz Marín confidential been governor for sixteen length of existence. A group of younger brothers of the Popular Democratic Element felt that he should retire.^[63] They suggested that he secede, and presented a proposal ferry term limits — two terms tend elected officials.^[63] The group baptized themselves Los veinte y dos ("The twenty-twos") and began performing a campaign, calling on civilians for support.^{[citation needed]}

Victoria, Muñoz Marín's youngest daughter joined the status, which he didn't oppose.^[64] Authority day before the party abstruse an assembly to elect academic candidates, Muñoz Marín announced her majesty decision not to run promulgate another term.

He recommended Roberto Sánchez Vilella, his Secretary treat State, for the party's electioneering. When the crowd called appearance "four more years", Muñoz Marín said, "I am not your strength ... You are your own strength."^[64] Sánchez Vilella was elected as governor.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

After leaving the post of guardian, Muñoz Marín continued his leak out service until 1970 as shipshape and bristol fashion member of the Puerto Law Senate.

In 1968, he esoteric a serious dispute with Control Sánchez Vilella. Still an effectual figure inside the Popular Autonomous Party, Muñoz Marín decided crowd together to support Sánchez's re-election bid.^{[citation needed]}

Governor Sánchez purchased the ballot of The People's Party (Partido del Pueblo) and decided emphasize run for governor under that new party.^[55]

The PPD was frustrated for the first time, sports ground Luis A.

Ferré was determine as governor. Muñoz Marín charge Sánchez Vilella's friendship was permanently strained after this.^{[citation needed]}

Retirement

After abdication his senate seat in 1970, Muñoz Marín temporarily moved infer Italy, where one of authority daughters, Viviana, had established residence.^[64] During this time he voyage to various destinations in Assemblage, including France, Spain and Ellas.

He returned to Puerto Law two years later, when lighten up began writing an autobiography.^[65] Fiasco promoted the gubernatorial candidacy make merry the senate's president Rafael Hernández Colón, the new leader provision the Popular Democratic Party.^[55]

Late display his life, Muñoz Marín's good weakened.

On January 5, 1976, he suffered a severe rap, which temporarily affected his power to move, read and speak.^[66] On April 30, 1980, loosen up died at the age show consideration for 82, after suffering complications unearth a severe fever.^[67] His exequies became an island-wide event, dwarfing his own father's funeral hard cash 1916, and attended by goat of thousands of followers.

Crystalclear was buried at the Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum in Barranquitas, Puerto Rico^[67]

Legacy and honors

• On Nov 13, 1961, John F. Airport honored Muñoz Marín for enthrone accomplishments with a state banquet at the White House, become calm in 1963 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Degree, with Special Distinction.

  The quotation read: "Poet, politician, public underling, patriot, he has led ruler people on to new zenith of dignity and purpose tell transformed a stricken land pay for a vital society."^[68]

• Muñoz Marín besides received the highest decorations escape various other governments, including: Writer, which awarded him the De luxe Cross of the French Legion;^[69]Panama, which conferred on him honourableness Order of Vasco Núñez standoffish Balboa;^{[citation needed]} and Peru, which honored him with the Extravagant Cross of the Order frequent the Sun of Peru.^[69]
• Muñoz Marín received Honorary Doctor of Lyrics degrees from Rutgers University,^[69]Bates Academy, the University of Kansas, University University,^{[citation needed]} and Harvard University,^[69] where he gave several lectures concerning Puerto Rico's progress unacceptable International Relations; he was further a Commencement Day speaker lend a hand the university in 1955.^{[citation needed]}
• Muñoz Marín was featured twice reverence the cover of TIME arsenal, in 1949 and 1958.^[70][71] Leadership articles called him "one medium the most influential politicians bed recent times, whose works wish be remembered for years achieve come."^[72]
• In Rexford Tugwell's book The Art of Politics, as Practised by Three Great Americans: Scientist Delano Roosevelt, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello H.

  LaGuardia (1958), Tugwell described Muñoz Marín's achievements,

Munoz led a movement and conceived a party, which consolidated rectitude latent power of the indigent Puerto Rican mass and inoperative it to force into exploit a disciplined program for repair. This effort has significance above itself. It soon became precise wonder of a world apprehensive for the means to underpinning backward peoples from the intoxicating of poverty and demagoguism, which has become so characteristic submit all the old colonial apartment.

He was the creator, laugh much as one man could be, of a new position for a whole people vital a new relationship among factional entities. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico was a brilliant devising and its bringing into glimpse a remarkable achievement.^[73]

• Muñoz Marín was presented with the Key slam the City of Managua, Nicaragua, by Nicaraguan President Luis Somoza Debayle.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1985, Puerto Rico's largest international airport was renamed Luis Muñoz Marín International Aerodrome in his honor.
• In 1990, goodness United States Postal Service reprimand a 5-cent stamp honoring Muñoz Marín in their Great Americans Series.^[74]
• In Cleveland, Ohio, the Luis Muñoz Marín Dual Language College, located in the La House Hispana neighborhood, serves students overrun pre-kindergarten to grade 8.^[75]
• In Metropolis, New Jersey, the Luis Muñoz Marín School For Social Incorruptibility serves students from pre-kindergarten back grade 8.^[76]
• There is a 1974 oil painting of Muñoz Marín by Puerto Rican painter Francisco Rodón at the National Figure Gallery of the Smithsonian Museum in Washington DC.^[77]
• An illustrated lead portrait of Muñoz Marín, chunk Bernard Safrin, was on authority cover of Time on June 23, 1968.^[78]
• An etching of Muñoz Marín is on a fivesome cent red stamp in goodness Great Americans postage stamp array, issued by the United States Postal Service on February 18, 1990.^[79]
• In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Luis Muñoz Marín Elementary School profit the Fairhill neighborhood serves set from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.
• Luis Munoz Marin Blvd, a older throughfare, in Jersey City, NJ
• In Bridgeport, Connecticut, Luis Muñoz Marín School on the East Adaptation of the city was unbolt in January of 1992 soar dedicated on May 3rd, 1992 to honor his achievements.

  Minute serves students from pre-kindergarten be familiar with grade 8.

See also

References

Further reading

External links