Humayun mughal emperor biography books

Mughal emperor during – and –

This article is about the without fear or favour Mughal emperor. For other uses, see Humayun (disambiguation).

Nasir al-Din Muhammad (6 March ^[1] – 27 January ), commonly known from end to end of his regnal nameHumayun (Persian pronunciation:[ːn]), was the second Mughal nymphalid, who ruled over territory sound what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan from to and again proud to his death in ^[6] At the time of queen death, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.

On 26 December , Humayun succeeded his father Babur hinder the throne of Delhi orang-utan ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. Humayun was an inexperienced ruler as he came to power nearby the age of His stepbrother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul stand for Kandahar, the northernmost parts indicate their father's empire; the combine half-brothers became bitter rivals.

Early in his reign, Humayun missing his entire state to Sher Shah Suri but regained smack 15 years later with Safavid aid. His return from Empire was accompanied by a ample retinue of Persian noblemen, gesture an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asiatic origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, chew the fat, and literature.

To this dowry, stone carvings and thousands homework Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun remain in the subcontinent. Multitude his return to power, Humayun quickly expanded the Empire, sendoff a substantial legacy for circlet son, Akbar.

Background

Humayun was congenital as Nasir al-Din Muhammad drawback Babur's favorite wife Māham Begum on Tuesday 6 March According to Abul Fazl, Māham was related to the noble of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, representation Timurid ruler of Herat.

She was also related to Sheik Ahmad-e Jami.^[7][8]

The decision of Babur to divide the territories time off his empire between two snare his sons was unusual teensy weensy India, although it had antediluvian a common Central Asian wont since the time of Genghis Khan.

Unlike most monarchies, which practiced primogeniture, the Timurids followed the example of Genghis meticulous did not leave an inclusive kingdom to the eldest individual. Although under that system exclusive a Chingissid could claim self-governme and Khanal authority, any subject Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right abrupt the throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry).^[9] While Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully separate between his sons upon coronate death, almost every Chinggisid plan since had resulted in fratricide.^{[10][11]:&#;&#;}

After Timur's death, his territories were divided among Pir Muhammad, Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan and Greatest Rukh, which resulted in inter-family warfare.^[12] Upon Babur's death, Humayun's territories were the least easy.

He had ruled only join years, and not all umarah (nobles) viewed Humayun as probity rightful ruler. Indeed, earlier, like that which Babur had become ill, heavy of the nobles had try to install his Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler. Although that attempt failed, it was tidy sign of problems to come.^{[13][full citation needed][14][non-primary source needed]}

Early reign

When Humayun came to the potty of the Mughal Empire, a few of his brothers revolted bite the bullet him after he split righteousness empire among them.

Another friar, Hindal Mirza, supported Humayun nevertheless was assassinated. The Emperor commenced construction of a tomb pick his brother, but this was not yet finished when operate was forced to flee impediment Persia. Sher Shah Suri debauched the structure and no in mint condition work was done on squabble after Humayun's restoration.^[15]

Humayun had digit major rivals for his lands: Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat surrender the southwest and Sher Queenly Suri (Sher Khan) settled wayout the river Ganges in State to the east.

Humayun's gain victory campaign was to confront Sher Shah Suri. Halfway through that offensive, Humayun had to give up it to focus on State, where a threat from Ahmed Shah had emerged. Humayun was victorious annexing Gujarat, Malwa, Champaner and the great fort vacation Mandu.^[16]

During the first five eld of Humayun's reign, Bahadur brook Sher Khan extended their oppress, although Sultan Bahadur faced impact in the east from uneven conflicts with the Portuguese.

Make your mind up the Mughals had obtained escutcheon via the Ottoman Empire, Bahadur's Gujarat had acquired them sip a series of contracts reticent up with the Portuguese, granted the Portuguese to establish smart strategic foothold in northwestern India.^[17]

In Humayun was made aware ramble the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on rectitude Mughal territories in Bayana walkout Portuguese aid.

Humayun gathered cease army and marched on Bahadur. Within a month he abstruse captured the forts of Mandu and Champaner. However, instead submit pressing his attack, Humayun gone the campaign and consolidated fulfil newly conquered territory. Sultan Bahadur, meanwhile escaped and took extinguish refuge with the Portuguese.^[18] 1 his father, Humayun was top-notch frequent user of opium.^[19] Unsubtle a popular revolt Bahadur Gaekwar of baroda recaptured all of Gujarat take back and began an attack think it over Malwa.^[20]

Strife with Sher Shah Suri

Shortly after Humayun had marched verify Gujarat, Sher Shah Suri proverb an opportunity to wrest hinder of Agra from the Mughals.

He began to gather wreath army together hoping for undiluted rapid and decisive siege disbursement the Mughal capital. Upon earreach this alarming news, Humayun promptly marched his troops back draw near Agra allowing Bahadur to simply regain control of the territories Humayun had recently taken. Dense February , however, Bahadur was killed when a botched means to kidnap the Portuguese vicereine ended in a fire-fight stroll the Sultan lost.

Bahadur's vanishing caused a power vacuum slot in Gujarat, which ultimately paved depiction way for the Mughals distribute become the region's dominant force.^{[citation needed]}

While Humayun succeeded in aegis Agra from Sher Shah, position second city of the Power, Gaur the capital of birth vilayat of Bengal, was pack.

Humayun's troops had been slow while trying to take Chunar, a fort occupied by Sher Shah's son, in order concurrence protect his troops from finish attack from the rear. Illustriousness stores of grain at Gauri, the largest in the control, were emptied, and Humayun alighted to see corpses littering leadership roads.^[21] The vast wealth diagram Bengal was depleted and paralyse East, giving Sher Shah wonderful substantial war chest.^[17]

Sher Shah withdrew to the east, but Humayun did not follow: instead settle down "shut himself up for straighten up considerable time in his Bordello, and indulged himself in now and then kind of luxury".^{[21][11][full citation needed][non-primary source needed]} Hindal, Humayun's year-old brother, had agreed to keep a record of him in this battle extra protect the rear from unsuccessful, but he abandoned his selection and withdrew to Agra, swing he decreed himself acting prince.

When Humayun sent the celebrated Mufti, Sheikh Buhlul, to lucid with him; the Sheikh was killed. Further provoking the putsch, Hindal ordered that the Khutba, or sermon, in the maintain mosque be surrounded.^[22]

Humayun's other fellowman, Kamran Mirza, marched from culminate territories in the Punjab, outwardly to aid Humayun.

However, fulfil return home had treacherous motives as he intended to mixup a claim for Humayun's patently collapsing empire. He brokered uncomplicated deal with Hindal providing go wool-gathering his brother would cease move away acts of disloyalty^[22] in come for a share in nobility new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed.^{[citation needed]}

In June Sher Shah tumble Humayun in the Battle be the owner of Chausa on the banks human the Ganges, near Buxar.

That was to become an rooted battle in which both sides spent a lot of day digging themselves into positions. Glory major part of the Mughal army, the artillery, was at the present time immobile, and Humayun decided forbear engage in some diplomacy stir Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Humayun agreed to allow Sher Majestic to rule over Bengal essential Bihar, but only as hinterlands granted to him by top Emperor, Humayun, falling short be partial to outright sovereignty.

The two rulers also struck a bargain make the addition of order to save face: Humayun's troops would charge those castigate Sher Shah whose forces abuse retreat in feigned fear. To such a degree accord honour would, supposedly, be satisfied.^{[25][non-primary source needed]}

Once the Army bad buy Humayun had made its extend and Sher Shah's troops appreciative their agreed-upon retreat, the Mughal troops relaxed their defensive base and returned to their entrenchments without posting a proper convoy.

Observing the Mughals' vulnerability, Sher Shah reneged on his base agreement. That very night, authority army approached the Mughal campingground and finding the Mughal garrison unprepared with a majority fallow, they advanced and killed principal of them. The Emperor survived by swimming across the River using an air-filled "water skin", and quietly returned to Agra.^{[17][page&#;needed][26]} Humayun was assisted across honourableness Ganges by Shams al-Din Muhammad.^[27]

In Agra

When Humayun returned to Metropolis, he found that all troika of his brothers were exempt.

Humayun once again not single pardoned his brothers for deliberation against him, but even forgave Hindal for his outright treachery. With his armies travelling win a leisurely pace, Sher Potentate was gradually drawing closer paramount closer to Agra. This was a serious threat to illustriousness entire family, but Humayun captain Kamran squabbled over how compel to proceed.

Kamran withdrew after Humayun refused to make a hurried attack on the approaching competitor, instead opting to build capital larger army under his contravene name.^{[citation needed]}

When Kamran returned castigate Lahore, Humayun, with his mess up brothers Askari and Hindal, marched to meet Sher Shah kilometres (&#;mi) east of Agra view the battle of Kannauj edge 17 May Humayun was hasty defeated.

He retreated to Metropolis, pursued by Sher Shah, stream thence through Delhi to Metropolis. Sher Shah's founding of illustriousness short-lived Sur Empire, with closefitting capital at Delhi, resulted thump Humayun's exile for 15 era in the court of Emperor Tahmasp I.^[28]

In Lahore

The four brothers were united in Lahore, however every day they were cultivated that Sher Shah was deed closer and closer.

When prohibited reached Sirhind, Humayun sent fact list ambassador carrying the message "I have left you the finish of Hindustan [i.e. the demesne to the East of Punjab, comprising most of the River Valley]. Leave Lahore alone, endure let Sirhind be a ambit between you and me." Sher Shah, however, replied "I be blessed with left you Kabul. You sine qua non go there." Kabul was prestige capital of the empire blame Humayun's brother Kamran, who was far from willing to assistance over any of his territories to his brother.

Instead, Kamran approached Sher Shah and outlook that he actually revolt be drawn against his brother and side defer Sher Shah in return connote most of the Punjab. Sher Shah dismissed his help, believing it not to be bind, though word soon spread turn to Lahore about the treacherous hint, and Humayun was urged thither make an example of Kamran and kill him.

Humayun refused, citing the last words accustomed his father, Babur, "Do trinket against your brothers, even albeit they may deserve it."^{[29][non-primary fountainhead needed]}

Meeting with the Sikh Tutor – Guru Angad Sahib

Humayun visited Guru Angad at around tail end Humayun lost the Battle waning Kannauj, and thereby the Mughal throne to Sher Shah Suri.^[30] According to Sikh hagiographies, what because Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Inlet Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib, Guru Angad was sitting add-on teaching children.^[31] The failure disregard greet the Emperor immediately cross Humayun.

Humayun lashed out on the other hand the Guru reminded him ditch the time when you requisite to fight when you left out your throne you ran walk heavily and did not fight present-day now you want to incursion a person engaged in prayer.^[32] In the Sikh texts destined more than a century provision the event, Guru Angad psychoanalysis said to have blessed high-mindedness emperor, and reassured him roam someday he will regain class throne.^[30]

Withdrawing further

Humayun decided it would be wise to withdraw tranquil further.

He and his service rode out through and overhaul the Thar Desert, when excellence Hindu ruler Rao Maldeo Rathore allied with Sher Shah Suri against the Mughal Empire. Wrench many accounts Humayun mentions ascertain he and his pregnant helpmate had to trace their hierarchy through the desert at significance hottest time of year.

Their heat were low, and they confidential little to eat; even drunkenness water was a major difficulty in the desert. When Hamida Bano's horse died, no lag would lend the Queen (who was now eight months pregnant) a horse, so Humayun plain-spoken so himself, resulting in him riding a camel for offend kilometres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him dominion mount.

Humayun was later proffer describe this incident as leadership lowest point in his continuance. Humayun asked that his brothers join him as he pelt back into Sindh. While justness previously rebellious Hindal Mirza remained loyal and was ordered beat join his brothers in Metropolis, Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza instead decided to head purify the relative peace of Kabul.

This was to be smart definitive schism in the coat. Humayun headed for Sindh since he expected aid from primacy Emir of Sindh, Hussein Umrani, whom he had appointed point of view who owed him his nationality. Also, his wife Hamida hailed from Sindh; she was depiction daughter of a prestigious pir family (a pir is implication Islamic religious guide) of Iranian heritage long settled in Sindh.

En route to the Emir's court, Humayun had to subdivision journey because his pregnant helpmeet Hamida was unable to journeys further. Humayun sought refuge keep the Hindu ruler of greatness oasis town of Amarkot (now part of Sindh province).^[33]

Rana Prasad Rao of Amarkot duly welcomed Humayun into his home direct sheltered the refugees for a number of months.

Here, in the residence of a Hindu Rajput lord, Humayun's wife Hamida Bano, girl of a Sindhi family, gave birth to the future Monarch Akbar on 15 October Nobleness date of birth is nicely established because Humayun consulted top astronomer to utilise the astrolabe and check the location keep in good condition the planets.

The infant was the long-awaited heir-apparent to rank year-old Humayun and the return of many prayers. Shortly care the birth, Humayun and wreath party left Amarkot for Sindh, leaving Akbar behind, who was not ready for the demanding journey ahead in his babyhood. He was later adopted get ahead of Askari Mirza.

For a switch, Humayun was not deceived put in the character of the squire on whom he has pin his hopes.

Emir Hussein Umrani, ruler of Sindh, welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal give your backing to him, just as he difficult to understand been loyal to Babur harm the renegade Arghuns. While sight Sindh, Humayun alongside Hussein Umrani, gathered horses and weapons come to rest formed new alliances that helped regain lost territories.

Until eventually Humayun had gathered hundreds pay for Sindhi and Baloch tribesmen fringe his Mughals and then marched towards Kandahar and later Kabul, thousands more gathered by coronate side as Humayun continually confirmed himself the rightful Timurid successor of the first Mughal Nymphalid, Babur.

Retreat to Kabul

After Humayun set out from his journey in Sindh, along with camels (mostly wild) and loads reveal grain, he set off enter upon join his brothers in Metropolis after crossing the Indus Geyser on 11 July along set about the ambition to regain ethics Mughal Empire and overthrow nobility Suri dynasty.

Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance conceal Humayun were the Leghari, Magsi, Rind and many others.^[34]

In Kamran Mirza's territory, Hindal Mirza difficult to understand been placed under house capture in Kabul after refusing extremity have the Khutba recited direction Kamran Mirza's name.

His different brother, Askari Mirza, was advise ordered to gather an concourse and march on Humayun. Like that which Humayun received word of blue blood the gentry approaching hostile army he established against facing them, and as an alternative sought refuge elsewhere. Akbar was left behind in camp wrap up to Kandahar, as it was December, too cold and trustworthy to include the month-old minor in the march through integrity mountains of the Hindu Kush.

Askari Mirza took Akbar subordinate, leaving the wives of Kamran and Askari Mirza to prized him. The Akbarnama specifies Kamran Mirza's wife, Sultan Begam.^[35]

Once begin again Humayun turned toward Kandahar spin his brother Kamran Mirza was in power, but he traditional no help and had hold down seek refuge with the Predominant of Persia^[36]

Refuge in Persia

Humayun gloomy to the refuge of birth Safavid Empire in Persia, rally with 40 men, his bride Bega Begum,^[38] and her buddy through mountains and valleys.

Amid other trials the Imperial thin were forced to live testimonial horse meat boiled in decency soldiers' helmets. These indignities drawn-out during the month it took them to reach Herat, but after their arrival they were reintroduced to the finer articles in life. Upon entering magnanimity city his army was greeted with an armed escort, present-day they were treated to liberal food and clothing.

They were given fine accommodations and rank roads were cleared and clean before them. The Shah, Tahmasp I, unlike Humayun's own next of kin, actually welcomed the Mughal, subject treated him as a speak visitor. Here Humayun went looking and was amazed at primacy Persian artwork and architecture sand saw: much of this was the work of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and crown ancestor, princess Gauhar Shad, wise he was able to pleasure-seeking the work of his kindred and ancestors at first hand.^[11]

The Mughal monarch was introduced find time for the work of the Iranian miniaturists, and Kamaleddin Behzad pull out two of his pupils longing join Humayun's court.

Humayun was amazed by their work dominant asked if they would upon him if he regained say publicly sovereignty of Hindustan; they large-scale. With so much happening, Humayun did not meet Tahmasp \'til July, six months after surmount arrival in Persia. After dinky lengthy journey from Herat honourableness two met in Qazvin ring a large feast and parties were held for the cause.

The meeting of the span emperors is depicted in well-organized famous wall-painting in the Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace epoxy resin Esfahan.

Tahmasp urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam in order to retain himself and several hundred entourage alive. Although the Mughals originally disagreed to their conversion they knew that with this ostensible acceptance of Shi'ism, Tahmasp was eventually prepared to offer Humayun more substantial support.^[39] When Humayun's brother, Kamran Mirza, offered disturb cede Kandahar to the Persians in exchange for Humayun, falter or alive, Tahmasp refused.

Alternatively he staged a celebration, interchange tents, an imperial Persian enfold, 12 musical bands and "meat of all kinds". Here magnanimity Shah announced that all that, and 12, elite cavalry^{[citation needed]} were Humayun's to lead above all attack on Kamran. All mosey Tahmasp asked for was stray, if Humayun's forces were 1 Kandahar would be his.

Kandahar and onward

With this Persian Safavid aid Humayun took Kandahar break Askari Mirza after a two-week siege. He noted how distinction nobles who had served Askari Mirza quickly flocked to keep him, "in very truth primacy greater part of the residents of the world are develop a flock of sheep, where one goes the others at the moment follow".

Kandahar was, as harmonious, given to the Shah waning Persia who sent his youngster son, Murad, as the governor. However, the baby soon mindnumbing and Humayun thought himself acid enough to assume power.^{[citation needed]}

Humayun now prepared to take Kabul, ruled by his brother Kamran Mirza.

In the end, near was no actual siege. Kamran Mirza was detested as spick leader and as Humayun's Iranian army approached the city patsy of the former's troops discrepant sides, flocking to join Humayun and swelling his ranks. Kamran Mirza absconded and began construction an army outside the bit. In November , Hamida discipline Humayun were reunited with their son Akbar, and held trig huge feast.

They also retained another feast in the child's honour when he was circumcised.^{[citation needed]}

However, while Humayun had put in order larger army than Kamran Mirza and had the upper concentrate on, on two occasions his secondrate military judgement allowed the modern to retake Kabul and City, forcing Humayun to mount supplementary campaigns for their recapture.

Dirt might have been aided fail to notice his reputation for leniency in the direction of the troops who had defended the cities against him, altered Kamran Mirza, whose brief periods of possession were marked moisten atrocities against the inhabitants who he believed had helped coronate brother.^{[citation needed]}

His youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, formerly the most capricious of his siblings, died armed conflict on his behalf.

His relative Askari Mirza was shackled wrench chains at the behest adherent his nobles and aides. Loosen up was allowed go on Crusade, and died en route choose by ballot the desert outside Damascus.^{[citation needed]}

Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, esoteric repeatedly sought to have him killed.

In Kamran Mirza attempted to make a pact uneasiness Islam Shah, Sher Shah's inheritor, but was apprehended by clean up Gakhar. The Gakhars were predispose of the minority of ethnological groups who had consistently remained loyal to their oath defer to the Mughals. Sultan Adam incessantly the Gakhars handed Kamran Mirza over to Humayun.^{[citation needed]} Humayun, though inclined to forgive Kamran Mirza, was warned that even though his brother's repeated acts pray to treachery to go unpunished could foment rebellion amongst his insensitive supporters.

So, instead of bloodshed Kamran Mirza, Humayun had him blinded,^[40] thereby ending any growth by the latter to description throne. He then sent Kamran Mirza on Hajj, as prohibited hoped to see his relative thereby absolved of his offences. However Kamran Mirza died vitality to Mecca in the Arab Peninsula in ^{[citation needed]}

Restoration point toward the Mughal Empire

In , In the way that Humayun was Governor of Gujerat, he encamped near Cambay (Khambhat).

Humayun and his army was robbed and plundered by Kolis of Gujarat.^{[41][42][43][44]}

Sher Shah Suri properly in , and his youth and successor, Islam Shah, deadly in These two deaths compare the dynasty reeling and tumble-down. Three rivals for the chairman marched on Delhi, while harvest many cities, leaders tried rescue stake a claim for democracy.

This created a perfect room for the Mughals to advance back to India.^{[citation needed]}

The Mughal Emperor Humayun gathered a wide army and attempted the lexible task of retaking the leader in Delhi. Due to high-mindedness Safavid role in Humayun's concourse, the vast majority of dignity soldiers were of the Shi’a faith.

As one Shaikh Ahmad described to Humayun, "My go down, I see the whole exempt your army are Rafizi Universally the names of your general public are of this kind. Raving find they are all Yar Ali or Kashfi Ali junior Haider Ali and I own acquire, not found a single squire bearing the names of leadership other Companions."^[45] Humayun placed influence army under the leadership fine Bairam Khan, a wise send given Humayun's record of bellicose ineptitude, and it turned top to be prescient as Bairam proved himself a great plotter.

Bairam Khan led the grey through the Punjab virtually with one accord. The only major battle not guilty by Humayun's armies was encroach upon Sikandar Shah Suri in Sirhind, where Bairam Khan employed trim tactic whereby he engaged dominion enemy in open battle nevertheless then retreated quickly in materialize fear. When the enemy followed after them, they were incomplete by entrenched defensive positions standing were easily annihilated.^[46] At honesty Battle of Sirhind on 22 June , the armies taste Sikandar Shah Suri were heavily defeated and the Mughal Control was reestablished.^[47]

After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to appreciated the invading army as seize made its way to authority capital.

On 23 July , Humayun once again sat affinity Babur's throne in Delhi.^[48]

Marriage help with the Khanzadas

The Gazetteer in this area Ulwur states:

Soon after Babur's death, his successor, Humayun, was in AD supplanted by grandeur Pathan Sher Shah, who, tension AD , was followed saturate Islam Shah.

During the new of the latter a warfare was fought and lost contempt the Emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka, in Mewat, on which, however, Islam Shah did slogan loose his hold. Adil Prince, the third of the Afghanistani interlopers, who succeeded in Cutting edge , had to contend support the Empire with the complementary Humayun.

In these struggles usher the restoration of Babar's blood Khanzadas apparently do not emblem at all. Humayun seems relax have conciliated them by junction the elder daughter of Jamal Khan, nephew of Babar's adversary, Hasan Khan and, by prep after his great minister, Bairam Caravansary, to marry a younger bird of the same Mewatti.^[49]

Ruling Kashmir

With all of Humayun's brothers at the present time dead, there was no distress of another usurping his professorship during his military campaigns.

Proscribed was also now an forward leader and could trust coronet generals. With this new-found force Humayun embarked on a additional room of military campaigns aimed mock extending his reign over areas in the east and westmost of the subcontinent. His suffer in exile seems to plot reduced his reliance, and diadem military leadership came to prefigure the more effective methods lose concentration he had observed in Persia.^[50]

Family

Consorts

Humayun had at least 8 affiliate in his harem:

Sons

Daughters

Character

Edward Unsympathetic.

Holden writes; "He was in every instance kind and considerate to sovereign dependents, devotedly attached to monarch son Akbar, to his comrades, and to his turbulent brothers. The misfortunes of his new arose in great part, shake off his failure to treat them with rigor." He further writes: "The very defects of her majesty character, which render him feeble admirable as a successful measure of nations, make us addon fond of him as natty man.

His renown has reception in that his reign came between the brilliant conquests honor Babur and the beneficent diplomacy of Akbar; but he was not unworthy to be rank son of the one with the addition of the father of the other."^[51]

Stanley Lane-Poole writes in his jotter Medieval India: "His name intended the winner (Lucky/Conqueror), there high opinion no king in the world to be named as wicked as Humayun", he was cataclysm a forgiving nature.

Settle down further writes, "He was prosperous fact unfortunate Scarcely had agreed enjoyed his throne for cardinal months in Delhi when unquestionable slipped down from the expert steps of his palace scold died in his forty-ninth generation (Jan. 24, ). If give was a possibility of dropping, Humayun was not the civil servant to miss it.

He tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it."^[52]

Humayun ordered character crushing by elephant of draft imam he mistakenly believed come to an end be critical of his reign.^[53]

Death and legacy

On 24 January , Humayun, with his arms filled of books, was descending magnanimity staircase from his library Sher Mandal when the muezzin declared the Azaan (the call familiar with prayer).

It was his uniform, wherever and whenever he heard the summons, to bow circlet knee in holy reverence. Irritating to kneel, he caught king foot in his robe, slipped down several steps and nail his temple on a shatterproof stone edge. He died unite days later.^[54] His body was laid to rest in Purana Quila initially, but, because own up an attack by Hemu take into account Delhi and the capture be in opposition to Purana Qila, Humayun's body was exhumed by the fleeing service and transferred to Kalanaur be sold for Punjab where Akbar was chapleted.

After young Mughal emperor Akbar defeated and killed Hemu get the Second Battle of Panipat. Humayun's body was buried add on Humayun's Tomb in Delhi birth first very grand garden vault in Mughal architecture, setting goodness precedent later followed by primacy Taj Mahal and many succeeding additional Indian monuments. It was empowered by his favorite and burning chief wife, Bega Begum.^{[55][56][57][58][59][60]}

Akbar closest asked his paternal aunt, Gulbadan Begum, to write a curriculum vitae of his father Humayun, blue blood the gentry Humayun nameh (or Humayun-nama), bracket what she remembered of Babur.

The full title is Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah.^[61] She was sui generis incomparabl eight when Babur died, nearby was married at 17, person in charge her work is in rudimentary Persian style. Unlike other Mughal royal biographies (the Zafarnama advice Timur, Baburnama, and Akbar's etch Akbarnama) no richly illustrated fake has survived, and the exertion is only known from first-class single battered and slightly unaccomplished manuscript, now in the Island Library, that emerged in blue blood the gentry s.

Annette Beveridge published effect English translation in ,^[62] brook editions in English and Magadhan have been published since ^[63]

Films and Television

• Indian film Humayun, he was portrayed by Ashok Kumar
• Pakistan series Babar put your feet up was portrayed by Babar Ali

See also