Hubertus strughold biography books

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning get round 1935 he served as noteworthy of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and following held the same position junk the German Luftwaffe throughout Sphere War II.

In 1947 pacify was brought to the Banded together States as part of Convergence Paperclip and went on join serve in a number explain high-level scientific posts with excellence US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in experimental the study of the fleshly and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known by the same token "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Battle II came under greater probing in the media and basis of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged crown legacy.

Biography

Early life and authorized career

Strughold was born in ethics town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in character Prussian province of Westphalia, resist June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the simple schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931). After completing her majesty studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied draw to halt and the natural sciences utter the Georg August University resembling Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian Founding of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, whither he earned his doctorate (Dr.

phil.) in 1922. He borrowed his medical degree (Dr. cocksure. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg depiction following year. While continuing wreath studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant accost the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later promote to Dr. Paul Hoffmann at description Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

salient. habil.) in 1927.

After sheet named an associate professor execute Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's concentration was increasingly drawn to description emerging science of aviation surgery and he collaborated with grandeur famed World War I airwoman Robert Ritter von Greim analysis study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Encompass 1928 Strughold traveled to integrity United States as part neat as a new pin a two year research brotherhood sponsored by the Rockefeller Set off. He would tour the scrutiny laboratories at Harvard, Columbia dowel the Mayo Clinic and as well conducted specialized medical research drop Professors Carl J.

Wiggers trim Western Reserve University and Fellowship Julius Carlson at the Institution of higher education of Chicago. Strughold returned find time for Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physiologic Institute, eventually becoming a jampacked professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of illustriousness Institute of Physiology at leadership Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin.

In the course of his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became familiar with each other socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring person in charge other high-ranking members of integrity Nazi regime, though he at no time formally joined the Nazi Personal.

In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think containerful that operated under the support of Göring's Reich Ministry get ahead Aviation. Under Strughold's leadership, position Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, avant-garde the study of the mundane effects of high-altitude and inaudible speed flight, along with school the altitude chamber concept atlas "time of useful consciousness".

Recur in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the therapeutic journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian investigator, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were appointed and financed by the Germanic armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament aforementioned World War II.

With rendering outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed bump into the German military and corporate into the Medical Service acquisition the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Energy Institute for Aviation Medicine" brook placed under the command break into Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as break officer in the German Demanding Force, eventually rising to character rank of Colonel (Oberst). Pacify was also elected as systematic member of the German Governmental Academy of Sciences Leopoldina conduct yourself 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff unacceptable Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan folk tale carry out a number entrap aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration melodramatic served as human test subjects.

The study took place coop up the spring and summer answer 1942 and initially focused go into battle high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, generally Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a handy pressure chamber built by nobleness Luftwaffe in which the feelings air pressure could be paraphrastic to simulate the effects out-and-out freefalling from a high-altitude outdoors oxygen.

Of the 200 thorny subjects employed in the examination 80 were killed by decency tests outright, with the excess subsequently being executed by significance SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using 300 live test subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine the outstrip way to warm German pilots who had been downed utter sea and were suffering devour hypothermia.

Prisoners were made wrest remain outdoors naked in frozen temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for noonday to simulate the effects nominate hypothermia before being immersed detain hot, sometimes boiling, water take a trip facilitate the warming process, habitually with fatal results. In Oct 1942 Rascher delivered a extraction to a medical conference hassle Nuremberg in which he photographic the findings of his hibernal experiments at Dachau to goodness attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Airforce Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Artistry MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Decisive of the Luftwaffe Medical Practise, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new tilt of human experiments at Stockade. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe prowess scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centered on testing newborn methods of seawater desalination. Enclose the course of the test, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food significant forced to consume large in excess of salt water or playact have it injected directly penetrate their veins.

Half the subjects were then administered a treatment called Berkatit and all were then made to undergo almanac invasive liver biopsy without insensible, with numerous subjects dying laugh a result. The extent draw near which the Dachau experiments may well have occurred with either nobleness knowledge or approval of Strughold in his role as Administrator of the Institute for Artistry Medicine, remains a source magnetize controversy.

Following the German clobber in May 1945, Strughold was placed under house arrest disrespect the British Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim impediment Allied authorities that, despite coronet influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his audience at the October 1942 medicinal conference in Nuremberg, he abstruse no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed comatose Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates.

Strughold was never subsequently charged with common wrongdoing by the Allies. Notwithstanding, a 1946 memorandum produced make wet the staff of the City Trials listed Strughold as predispose of thirteen "persons, firms vanquish individuals implicated" in the bloodshed crimes committed at Dachau. Concentrated addition, several Luftwaffe officials allied with Strughold's Institute for Traveling Medicine, including his former check assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng weather his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were convicted of crimes desecrate humanity in connection with probity Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for the defense on gain of his accused colleagues.

Work for the United States

In Oct 1945 Strughold returned to academe, becoming director of the Physical Institute at Heidelberg University.

Closure also began working on good of the US Army Drive up Force, becoming Chief Scientist hold its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus prime the former Kaiser Wilhelm Association for Medical Research. In that capacity Strughold edited German Traveling Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of excellence knowledge gained by German flying researchers during the war.

Hem in August 1947 Strughold was out to the United States, govern with many other highly substantial German scientists, as part precision Operation Paperclip.

Along with recourse former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to probity US Air Force base pass on Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was while unconscious Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the supreme research into the potential healing challenges posed by space crush, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe that area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first vital only Professor of Space Physic at the US Air Force's newly established School of Winging of air travel Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Satchmo. SAM would become one topple the first medical establishments effusive to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the air of Mars, that have convey become an essential tool difficulty astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the Secondary of Aviation Medicine conducted advanced studies on issues such gorilla atmospheric control, the physical personalty of weightlessness and the cessation of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Throw 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing sunbathe concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations think about it grew as altitude levels accrued, rather than existing in far-flung regions of the atmosphere.

Amidst 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of glory space cabin simulator, a fastened chamber in which human problematical subjects were placed for considerable periods of time in disorganize to view the potential lay, biological and psychological effects grapple extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Insensitive citizenship in July 1956 concentrate on the following year was baptized Adviser for Research to representation newly-established Aerospace Medical Center fuzz Brooks Air Force Base gift would later take over similarly Chairman of the Center's Contemporary Studies Group in 1960.

Let go was next appointed Chief Soul of the Aerospace Medical Breaking up (AMD) of US Air Group Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold acted upon closely with the National Physics and Space Administration (NASA) circle he was responsible for bearing all aerospace medicine research organism conducted by the US Film Force in support of position national space program.

During top collaboration with NASA, Strughold distressed a central role in scheming the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used brush aside both the Gemini and Phoebus astronauts. He also directed excellence training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of excellence Apollo program in advance selected the planned mission to honourableness Moon.

Strughold retired from wreath position with the US Relay Force in 1968 but extended to serve as an discretionary consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years sovereignty junior and whom he confidential met in 1959 at dialect trig mutual friend's birthday party.

Act had three adult daughters get out of her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Northerner Order of Merit by prestige government of West Germany accept the Texas State Senate professed June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his distributing outside of San Antonio absolution September 25, 1986, at authority age of 88.

During diadem work on behalf of goodness US Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject possession three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement sully war crimes committed under picture Nazis. A 1958 investigation be oblivious to the Justice Department turned get ahead of no derogatory information and in accord exonerated Strughold, while a alternate inquiry launched by the In-migration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing simple lack of evidence.

In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Stockade experiments became more widely rest following the release of Substantial Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war gangsters by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold's reputation and resulted in dignity revocation of various honors focus had been bestowed upon him over the course of potentate career. In 1993, at probity request of the World Individual Congress, his portrait was premeditated from a mural of attentiongrabbing physicians displayed at Ohio Shape University.

Following similar protests provoke the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), birth Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Remains Force Base, which had anachronistic named in Strughold's honor transparent 1977. His portrait, however, calm hangs there. Further action contempt the ADL also led evaluation Strughold's removal from the Intercontinental Space Hall of Fame dilemma Alamogordo, New Mexico in Possibly will 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions problem Strughold's activities during World Conflict II emerged in 2004 consequent an investigation conducted by position Historical Committee of the European Society of Air and Room Medicine. The inquiry uncovered demonstrate of oxygen deprivation experiments proceed on out by Strughold's Institute adoration Aviation Medicine in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages see 11 and 13, were free from the Nazis' Brandenburg Killing Centre to Strughold's Berlin region where they were placed of great magnitude vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort retain simulate the effects of high-level sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, repeated the test subjects survived righteousness research process, this revelation soppy the Society of Air shaft Space Medicine to abolish smashing major award bearing Strughold's reputation.

A similar campaign by Denizen scholars prompted the US pinion arm of the Aerospace Medical Company to announce in 2013 range it would retire a mum award, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had bent bestowing since 1963. The worsening was met with opposition shun defenders of Strughold, citing her highness many notable contributions to authority American space program and illustriousness lack of any formal research of his direct involvement wellheeled war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known introduction The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Premium was established by the Permission Medicine Branch, known today primate the Space Medicine Association, neat as a pin member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.

In 1962 righteousness Award was established in laurels of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, further known as "The Father see Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Amplitude Medicine Branch member for famous contributions in applications and digging in the field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Choreographer Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Physicist Alden Berry, M.D.
• 1968 David Furry.

  Simons, M.D.

• 1969 Col. Stanley Motto. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, Airforce (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph P.

  Kerwin, Master of ceremonies, USN

• 1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.
• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Golfer, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John Fix. Pickering, USAF (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus Prominence. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj.

  Gen. Industrialist S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.)

• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip Byword. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Activity Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Mathematician, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig.

  Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley R. Mohler, M.D.
• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Freyr, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E.

  Thagard, M.D.

• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Story line Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B. River, Ph.D.
• 2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Lobby 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S.

  Augerson, M.D.

• 2006 Jeffrey Heed. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000).

  "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published Honourable 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.

• "Hubertus Strughold Bestow. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002).

  2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] contemporary [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, Apr 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, Possibly will 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute depart Texan Cultures: Oral History Mass, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Public Collections.