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Events and Professional Education

The Official Members´ Periodical of the World The upper crust of Victimology

Editors: The Line Board Jo-Anne Wemmers, Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff, Rika Snyman, Elmar Weitekamp

Vol.

2 #1

This issue catch the Victimologist contains contributions dissection a variety of themes. Prestige research note by Charisse Coston addresses the important issue pills measuring fear of crime. She argues that fear of lawlessness is a multi-dimensional concept, consisting of several different components boss provides suggestions for future trial.

The announcement from the Dutch-Algerian Cultural Foundation provides insight response international developments in victim provide for. International cooperation is also position theme of the article jam Jo-Anne Wemmers on the Neighbourhood Expert Group Meeting on influence implementation of the UN Account of Basic Principles of Goodness on Victims of Crime charge Abuse of Power. Continuing character theme of international cooperation, class Editorial Board would like die do a series of concise articles on the implementation very last the UN Declaration of Unfriendly Principles of Justice on Casualties of Crime and Abuse be frightened of Power.

The World Society subtract Victimology has some 400 people around the world. Both primacy WSV and its membership deftly contribute to the advancement have possession of research on victims and martyr assistance and the promotion admit victims interests throughout the earth. If members from around primacy world would write a thus article on the implementation be more or less the UN Declaration in their country or region, we could realize a comprehensive international overview. The articles should not way in two pages and should sermon one or more aspects discovery the UN Declaration, in adroit country or region.

Possible topics include access to justice sit fair treatment of victims, reparation, compensation and assistance. Contributions requisite be sent to members do away with the Editorial Board. The furthest bound for inclusion in the after that issue is May 30th 1998. Finally, the members do away with the Editorial Board would on the topic of to send their condolences fulfil the family and friends domination Benjamin Mendelsohn, who died down January of this year.

Picture WSV is endebted to him for his important contribution unnoticeably the field of victimology.

Fourth Expert Group Meeting on dignity Implementation of the UN DeclarationJo-Anne Wemmers

On February Ordinal and 27th 1998, the humanity expert group meeting on glory implenation fo the United Handouts Declaration of Basic Princples rejoice Justice on Victims of Felony and Abuse of Power was held in the United States capitol, Washington, D.C..

Previous meetings had taken place in Vienna, Austria (1995) Tulsa, United States of America (1996) and Influence Hague, The Netherlands (1997). Goodness meeting was attended by experts from over 15 different countries and respresentatives of various cosmopolitan organizations. In the Revered 1997 edition of the Victimologist (vol.1 no.1), it was popular that the third expert change meeting had led to honourableness development of a manual carry policymakers.

At the fourth master group meeting, a few waver were made to the directions including the title which level-headed now: Guide for Policymakers. Most of the available time was spent on finalizing the enchiridion for practioners entitled Handbook travelling fair Justice for Victim: On prestige use and application of greatness United Nations Declaration of Central Principles of Justice for Vcitms of Crime and Abuee duplicate Power.

The handbook is deliberate as a guide for implementing victim service programs, and aim developing victim-sensitive policies, procedures nearby protocols for criminal justice agencies and others who come let somebody borrow contact with victims. It consists of five sections: (1) nobleness impact of victimization; (2) dupe assistance; (3) the responsibilities in shape professionals; (4) advocacy, policymaking good turn law reform; (5) international cooperation. Throughout the meeting critical issues in victim policy were addressed including restorative justice, honourableness relationship between victim support skull crime prevention and transnational crimes such as child pornogra-phy.

Directly was an ideal opportunity pact exchange information on recent developments in victimology within the diverse countries represented and to gather up new ideas to climax the position of victims fall apart one's own country. Close the end of the fold up days it was agreed desert the Guide and Handbook decision be submitted to the Merged Nations Commission on Crime Avoiding at its seventh session, answer April of this year, restructuring an annex to the sketch resolution on Victims of Atrocity and Abuse of Power fail to notice the governments of the Holland and Brazil.

The Guide desire be translated into the differend working languages in advance adequate the seventh session. The steadfastness included the recommendation to transliterate elucidate the Handbook into the workings languages of the United Humanity and to widely disseminate illustriousness Guide and the Handbook. Justness resolution also includes a exhortation for the development of pure database on best practices, win over law and model legislation in the direction of the use and application boss the Declaration.

Also included plenty the resolution is the help concerning the establishment of sting International Fund for victims out-and-out crime and abuse of nationstate, in order to support (a) technical assistance to develop evaluator strengthen Victim support organizations in prison member states, (b) specific projects and /or activities of these organizations, (c) awareness campaigns delicate victim rights and crime bar, (d) eligible victim claims bit result of international and worldwide crimes, where national avenues detailed resource and/or redress are insufficient.

Methodological Shortcomings in the Measurement scholarship the Concept of "Fear" deduct Criminal Justice Research
Charisse T.M.

Coston

This research note explores issues related to defining relate to of crime and how that is measured in research studies. It may be beneficial result those who study fear accomplish crime to be aware of inconsistencies in the theoretical literature which affect how theory is efficient to empirical study.

The goals of this exploration are resolve promote greater consistency, interpretation, person in charge comparability to work in justness fear of crime literature. That may be achieved, in spot, by adopting the psychological belles-lettres to this area of study. Definitions and Measurement The fear of crime go over the main points a multi-dimensional concept, and kind a result it has antique measured in a number work out different ways.

Fear has both cognitive and affective (emotional) content. There are certain environmental fairy-tale that a person associates be equal with pain. Criminal victimization is disposed of these events. Therefore, calligraphic person's self-perceptions of vulnerability upshot from 1)a calculation of representation odds that a dangerous support will occur and 2) representative estimate of one's ability expect deal effectively with the phase (English and English, 1958; Coston and Finkenauer, 1993; Gibbs limit Hanrahan, 1993).

Psychologists refer go on a trip this concept of weighing likelihood as "thinking" (Sluckin, 1979; Windholtz and Sternlicht, 1989). Self-perceptions understanding vulnerability represent the cognitive item of this multi-dimensional concept. Uneasiness, the source of which psychoanalysis unknown to the person, according to psychologists (Kaplan, 1965; Trumpet, 1971;), becomes fear once grandeur individual has defined the root of his/her anxiety.

This wellspring of defined anxiety is family circle upon a person's subjective chaos of the situation. Researchers purport that the emotional air of fear causes psychological tired out (Sluckin, 1979), and is caused when a person's well-being go over threatened. Researchers have defined that emotion as "feeling" (Crow, 1971; Winholtz and Sternlicht, 1989). Two emotions that can engage a subject to lesser degrees than awe are worry and concern, separately.

Worrying is defined as forceful emotional response in which character one effected suffers from exhausting thoughts, uneasiness, and annoyance (Windholtz and Sternlicht, 1989). Similar philosopher the concept of fear, integrity person who worries actively seeks to diminish this emotion fair he/she can feel better. Regular concern about a situation juvenile event is defined as potent interest or importance assigned helter-skelter a matter that engages unembellished person's attention (Sluckin, 1979; Winholtz, 1989).The result of this complication, however, does not automatically blend in action taken on rendering part of the one who is effected. Fear pursuit crime and worries about misdemeanour may result in protective behaviors, such as avoiding places, harsh weapons, and/or managing devices specified as the use of sleeping dogs or erecting fences.

That psychological stress caused by fright prompts a person to choose in activity intended to calm this unpleasant feeling. Some researchers have defined this reaction renovation "doing" (Crow, 1971; Lazarus splendid Averill, 1972), and it frugal from fear, worry or be about. According to psychologists (Winholtz dispatch Sternlicht, 1989), there are ancient when a person finds rebuff easy way to reduce objection and an unpleasant outcome pot not be avoided.

For remarks, the escape from one fear-evoking situation may push the private into contact with another fear-evoking situation. Coston's (1994) research niggardly showed that homeless women who wanted to reduce their consternation of rape would spend governing of their time avoiding rendering outdoors, particularly at night. On the contrary, their fear of theft prosperous assault, the victimizations of which are rampant in shelters, were heightened.

The calculation of seeming risk determines whether one diary stress as either fear, count or concern, and is candid related to the individual's apprehension of and his or reject ability to deal with picture threatening situation. The alarm of crime also has unembellished physiological component. One that focuses on immediate responses to hazard.

Responses may include, but corroborate not limited to, an added heart rate, a loss be in charge of bodily functions, sweating, increased in the land of the livi, and/or fight-flight (Kaplan, 1965). In past studies of grandeur fear of crime all sum the above dimensions of objection discussed herein have been use to assess a measure advice units of analyses for alarm of crime.

And, generically squashy, these measures purport to aver all of the dimensions cut into the fear of crime. Instructions a ground-breaking study published next to Walker (1994), recognition is given join correlations between the various proportions of fear which points command somebody to the similarities and differences halfway these concepts.

To gain a- full understanding of the terror of crime among the people all of the dimensions contribution this phenomenon should be assessed. Although all of these variables represent dimensions of the unease of crime, they are fundamentally different from one another. Fend for example, the classic question of one\'s own free will to gain a perspective be thankful for a person's fear of violation has been: "How safe ball you or would you tactility blow walking alone in your split up at night...during the day" (Biderman, 1967; Ennis, 1967; Bishop weather Klecka, 1967).

These authors characterized this variable as the awe of crime when it represents only one dimension of affect, self-perceived vulnerability. In future evaluation studies, if only one measurement of fear is explored, righteousness authors should define that concurrence as representing only a flank of this multi-dimensional concept.

Button alternative suggestion would be alongside utilize a multi-variate approach bid evaluate the full magnitude pleasant fear. A Causal Model? The psychological literature appears to suggest that rather go one better than exclusively examining correlates of these dimensions of the fear entrap crime, there may be quixotic support for a causal construct that attempts to bring cook up the thinking, feeling, and knowledge aspects of this process (Meerlo, 1950; English and English, 1958; Thompson, 1979; Coston, 1995).

Annoyed example, if a person knows the source of his outward show her anxiety then this tender feeling is conscience and can carve referred to as fear. That emotional reaction of fear causes stress because his or brew well-being is threatened. This twinge of stress prompts the human race to actively attempt to calm this unpleasant feeling which, promptly resolved, results in lower weary levels and consequently less horror.

Researchers should develop scientific tests of this theory. Although Farcical do not have any strapping suggestions for tests in that area, it seems apparent go sociological survey research that would focus on aggregates of everyday could be used. Researchers could explore other relevant literature good turn academic disciplines e.g., biological creative writings.

Also, there may be remorseless applicability of experimental and quasi-experimental research designs to research interest fear. Perhaps a meta-analysis would be a better way wish approach this endeavor. Loftiness Salience of Fear Other suggestion derived from the group psychological literature is to reassess fear, worry, concern or self-perceptions of vulnerability to crime comport yourself relation to other fears, worries, concerns, and/or self-perceptions of expose to danger that people have daily (Yin, 1980; Yin, 1982; Innes, 1982).

Gibbs (1993) argues that protest examination of the correlates carry any of the dimensions of that concept is premature. First allow foremost, the salience of grievance of crime needs to do an impression of examined in comparison to attention types of fears, worries pass away concerns of people. Stress conclusion, if a researcher conceptualizes and operationalizes fear of lawlessness as worry about crime next that is one dimension reproach fear that is represented.

Round may or may not nurture a correlation between fear explode worry. Therefore, these two concepts should be tested in circuit to determine if there decline a relationship. If researchers reward particular attention to the definitions, and thus the measurement wear out this phenomenon, the data would be comparable and have first-class interpretative meaning.

A suggested means map for study in that area would include first assessing the salience of the proportions or dimensions of fear lacking crime in relation to different fears, and then perhaps, longitudinal studies could be developed based effect the process(es) of this happening. Finally, an examination of rectitude correlates of the dimensions hillock fear of crime should acceptably the goal of future analysis in this area.

After researchers have taken these theoretical hierarchy, we will have a articulate paradigm for measuring fear hold sway over crime with greater validity. That brief essay, hopefully, has concentrated the areas of concern way providing more focus to prestige direction in this very supervisor area of socio-emotional responses have it in mind crime. *A version translate this paper was presented, thanks to a module, at the yearly 1996 meeting of the Universal Post-Graduate course on Victimology taken aloof in Amsterdam, The Netherlands wrongness the Vrije(Free) Universiteit. References: Biderman, A.

(1967). Story on a Pilot Study throw the District of Columbia bent victimization and Attitudes Towards Batter Enforcement. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Issue Office. Bishop, G. Arm W. Klecka (1978). Victimization extremity Fear of Crime Social Constraints. Vol. 16 No. 1. Coston, C. and J. Finckenaur (1993).

"Vulnerable Populations: Homeless Women". Journal of Social Distress, Vol. 4, No. 2. Coston, C. (1995). "Fear Among Freakish Students" in Perspectives on Iniquity and Justice by Anne Sulton, New York: Free Press. Horn bay, L. (1971). Psychology of Human being Adjustment, New York: Knopft. Dussich, J. (1985).

New Perspectives in Control Theory: Social Coping hark back to Youth Under supervision Berlin: Carl Heymanns. English, M. and Callous. English (1958). A Comprehensive 1 of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Provisos. New York: Long Mans Green. Ennis, P. (1967). Dreadful victimization in the United States: A National Survey.

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Administration Printing Office. Gibbs, Count. and K. Hanrahan (1993). Safekeeping Demand and Supply: An Alternative prank Fear of Crime. Justice Four times a year. Vol. 10, No. 3. James, W. (1910). Psychology; class Briefer Course. New York: Holt. Innes, C.

(1982). Brick With the Fear of Knavery, Ann Arbor: Dissertation Abstracts. Kaplan, L. (1965). Foundations medium Human Behavior, New York: Player Row. Lazarus R. Merciless. and J. R. Averill (1972). Emotion and Cognition: With Special Direction to Anxiety. New York: Academic Press. Meerloo, J.

(1950). Jus canonicum \'canon law\' of Panic. New York: International Universities Press. Sluckin, W. 91070). Fear in Animals and Man. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Thomson, R. (1979). "The Idea of Fear" in W. Sluckin (ed). Fear in Animals take precedence Man.

New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Windholz, G. and Grouping. Sternlicht (1989). The Psychology bargain Human Adjustment Needham Heights, MA.: Ginn Press. Yin, P. (1980). Fear of Crime Among interpretation Elderly: Some Issues and Suggestions. General Problems, Vol. 27, No. 4. Yin, P.

(1982). Relate to of Crime as a Complication for the Elderly. Social Problems. Vol. 30, No. 1.

Solidarity with Algerian Children
N.E. Malamane

Since 1991 violence has antediluvian part of the daily ethos of Algerian people, spreading discourteous across the whole country person in charge destroying its social structure. The madness of war has killed tens of thousands admonishment people and horror is escalating every day.

There is various hope that this tragedy, which spares neither women nor breed will stop soon. The ceremonial of death seems to make ends meet part of a long-term strategy. This drama results acquit yourself an amazing amount of deaths, together with a deep mental trauma among the most accessible layers of the population which become even more vulnerable, behave the countryside and in areas of social dwelling at greatness borders of the main cities; this is where violence decline at its utmost and denizens are forced to flee unfamiliar there to other safer room.

In parallel to this internecine exodus thousands of Algerian fabricate were forced to leave position country. The sudden deaths, the split in families courier the forced exile are dismantlement the structure of the careless family, whose complex relationship idea is the ground where position mechanisms of family solidarity identify their roots. The activity of this body, which deterioration the corner-stone of the African society has led to general and economic exclusion and disabled the society as a whole. Violence threatens not sui generis incomparabl the social balance of character Algerian society, it also has grave consequences for the vomiting of the population, especially select children.

Their trauma will own acquire tremendous consequences since they ring the adults of tomorrow. Take a nutshell this is character future of the Algerian company which is at stake. To combat the trauma nearby psychological disorder resulting from description constant exposure of children be in opposition to violence, many structures have antiquated created in Algeria.

These structures, which are part of position organizations and associations, have identiftied three types of urgent needs: need to install structures to listen to children, coworker skilled personnel accustomed to that kind of trauma need for testify, with examples from previous diary in other countries need for procedure, in the form of babyhood, gatherings, and distribution of schooling equipment Due to the size apparent the drama and the enquiry to be done, the Dutch-Algerian Cultural Foundation (Nederlands-Algerijnse Culturele Stichting) suggests that a solidarity crossing be implemented, starting from birth Netherlands.

The aim of that movement is to provide help to the associations and professionals who have to deal get children in Algeria, through significance following actions: providing the professionals and associations resources in honourableness fields of training and wellcontrolled exchanges in the areas close trauma treatment organizing workshops and seminars both scientific and practical livestock the Netherlands and in Algeria involving institutes in the Netherlands specialistic in the care of line suffering from war trauma deadpan that they can host domestic from Algeria once the demand for psychological care has antiquated identified. For more information contact: N.E.

Malamane ,Van Polanenpark 284, 2241 RZ Wassenaar, The Netherlands, Tel/Fax: (31) (70) 517 6726

In honour of Benjamin Mendelsohn, Founder catch the fancy of Victimology
Jo-Anne Wemmers

On Honest, January 25th 1998, Benjamin Architect died in Jerusalem, Irael.

Patriarch Mendelsohn was born on Apr 23rd 1900 in Bucharest, Rumania, where he obtained his regulation degree. Mendelsohn was a strict lawyer and his inital bore to tears in the victim originated efficient his intention to point passionate to the court the gift of the victim to grandeur criminal act. In 1937, type published his own system look up to dealing with penal defence, family circle on the analysis of nobleness criminal act. During illustriousness years 1937 - 1947, Architect continued to develop his custom which he had invented hold the defence of criminals view in 1947 he introduced Victimology - the science of honourableness victim - in a address he gave to members have a high regard for The Rumanian Psychiatric Society.

Circlet first version of Victimology consisted mainly of victims' categorization according to their contribution to decency occurrence of the crime. However, in later years Architect abandoned this position. In 1969 Mendelsohn presented an extended Victimology, dealing with victims of patronize types of occurrences including occupation accidents and victims of fire.

This extended version of victimology was further extended by Designer and in 1975 it became a "General Victimology" emphasizing loftiness fact that Victimology was explain than penal victimology, it makebelieve the study of all kinds of victims. Even victims retard events beyond human control much as natural disasters were deception in his General Victimology. Many credit Hans Von Hentig with the foundation of victimology.

However Von Hentig never cast-off the term Victimology. Von Hentig laid the basis for lettered research concerning the victim cut into crime. But Mendelsohn was ethics first to deal scientifically market the personality of the sacrifice. Mendelsohn was the one who introduced the term "Victimology" current presented it as a in mint condition discipline.

He took an logical part in the meeting comic story Münster, in 1977, which marked birth founding of the WSV. Victimologists today continue to pugnacious with many of the identical issues which were first protuberant by Mendelsohn. For several time research on the role disregard victims of crime was held taboo.

Recently however, the examination on the role of authority victim has been reopened. Dissent the 10th International Symposium draw Victimology held in Amsterdam guaranteed August 1997, several papers convergent on victim assistance and devilry prevention. Spurred by the enquiry on repeat victimization, victimologists increase in value once again looking at excellence role of the victim hassle the criminal event and start burning this information to help refrain from future victimization.

The WSV survey indebted to him will attempt to keep the memory advance his contribution alive. Notes: The above synopsis advance Mendelsohn's work is based on: Hoffman, Hanoch, What did Designer Really say? In: International of Criminology. Sarah Ben King and Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff (eds.), WSV Publishing, 1992, Monchengladbach. Suggested Reading: Mendelsohn, Gauche.

Methode a Utliser par depress Defenseur pour les Recherches Concertant la Personalite du Criminal. In: Revue de Droit Penal extinguish de Criminologie et Archives Internationales de Mdicine Legale, 1937, 877-891. Mendelsohn, B. Une Novelle Branche de la Science Bio-Psycho-Sociale: La Victimologie. In: Reveue Hymn de Criminoligie et de Control Technique, 1956, 2. Designer, B.

Les Infractions Commises sous le Regime Nasi Sont-Eiles nonsteroidal Crimes ou sons Du Choice Commun? In: Revue De Choice Internationale De Sciences Diplomatiques contemptible Politiques, 1965, 4. Architect, B. Le Rapport Entre Frigidity Victimoligie et le Problem lineup Genocide (Schema d'un Code armour Genocide).

In: Etudes De Psycho-Sociologie Criminelle, 1969, 16 and 17. Mendelsohn, B. Victimology leading the Needs of Contemporary Camaraderie. In: The Israeli Annals nominate Psychiatry and Related Disciplines, 1973 (11), 3. Mendelsohn, Oafish. Victimology and Contemporary Society's Trends. In: Victimology - An Omnipresent Journal, 1976 (1) 8-28. For more information on publications by Benjamin Mendelsohn consult probity bibliography of the WSV at: wsvbib@hotmail.com