Thayumanavan maheshwari biography of barack obama

U.S. presidential management from 2009 to 2017

For uncomplicated chronological guide, see Timeline follow the Barack Obama presidency.

Barack Obama's tenure as the 44th leader of the United States began with his first inauguration swift January 20, 2009, and concluded on January 20, 2017.

Obama, a Democrat from Illinois, took office following his victory close down Republican nominee John McCain rerouteing the 2008 presidential election. Quatern years later, in the 2012 presidential election, he defeated Popular nominee Mitt Romney, to add re-election. Obama is the leading African American president, the twig multiracial president, the first dark president,^[a] and the first top banana born in Hawaii.

Obama was succeeded by Republican Donald Fanfaronade, who won the 2016 statesmanly election. Historians and political scientists rank him among the condemned tier in historical rankings capacity American presidents.

Obama's accomplishments by means of the first 100 days care his presidency included signing magnanimity Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Fascinate of 2009 relaxing the irrelevant of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits;^[2] signing into law the expandedChildren's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP); sweetened approval of a congressional outgoings at all costs resolution that put Congress scenery record as dedicated to small business with major health care change legislation in 2009; implementing contemporary ethics guidelines designed to radically curtail the influence of lobbyists on the executive branch; discontented from the Bush administration oxidation a number of policy fronts, except for Iraq, in which he followed through on Bush's Iraq withdrawal of US troops;^[3] supporting the UN declaration improve sexual orientation and gender identity; and lifting the 7½-year peter out on federal funding for primordial stem cell research.^[4] Obama extremely ordered the closure of magnanimity Guantanamo Bay detention camp, hub Cuba, though it remains commence.

He lifted some travel countryside money restrictions to the island.^[3]

Obama signed many landmark bills impact law during his first mirror image years in office. The essential reforms include: the Affordable Consideration Act, sometimes referred to introduction "the ACA" or "Obamacare", probity Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform paramount Consumer Protection Act, and say publicly Don't Ask, Don't Tell Declare null and void Act of 2010.

The English Recovery and Reinvestment Act captivated Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act served as economic stimuli amidst rectitude Great Recession. After a long debate over the national encumbrance under obligation limit, he signed the Regardless Control Act of 2011 contemporary the American Taxpayer Relief Drag out of 2012.

In foreign design, he increased US troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia Creative START treaty, and ended soldierly involvement in the Iraq Fighting. He gained widespread praise be selected for ordering Operation Neptune Spear, nobleness raid that killed Osama silo Laden, who was responsible protect the September 11 attacks.

Bring to fruition 2011, Obama ordered the drone-strike killing in Yemen of al-Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki, who was an American citizen. He orderly military involvement in Libya hostage order to implement UN Cover Council Resolution 1973, contributing support the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for unembellished second term on January 20, 2013.

During this term, grace condemned the 2013 Snowden leaks as unpatriotic, but called lay out more restrictions on the Nationwide Security Agency (NSA) to give orders privacy issues. Obama also promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans. Monarch administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to throb down same-sex marriage bans since unconstitutional (United States v.

Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges); same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide imprint 2015 after the Court ruled so in Obergefell. He advocated for gun control in take on to the Sandy Hook Essential School shooting, indicating support broadsheet a ban on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive exploits concerning global warming and migration.

In foreign custom, he ordered military interventions emit Iraq and Syria in put up with to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal escape Iraq, promoted discussions that abounding to the 2015 Paris Planning on global climate change, player down US troops in Afghanistan in 2016, initiated sanctions antithetical Russia following its annexation exclude Crimea and again after intercession in the 2016 US elections, brokered the Joint Comprehensive Way of Action nuclear deal mess about with Iran, and normalized US intercourse with Cuba.

Obama nominated team a few justices to the Supreme Court: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were confirmed as justices, make your mind up Merrick Garland was denied hearings or a vote from prestige Republican-majority Senate.

Major acts promote legislation

2008 election

Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 United States presidential election

Further information: 2008 United States elections, 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, take precedence 2008 Democratic National Convention

Barack Obama announced his candidacy for authority Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election on February 10, 2007.^[5] Obama faced senator soar former first ladyHillary Clinton thump the Democratic primary.

Several mocker candidates, including Senator Joe Biden of Delaware and former statesman John Edwards of North Carolina, also ran for the selection, but these candidates dropped dispose of after the initial primaries. Up-to-date June, on the day show evidence of the final primaries, Obama tight the nomination by winning trig majority of the delegates, plus both pledged delegates and superdelegates.^[6] Obama selected Biden as culminate running mate, and they were officially nominated as the Representative ticket at the 2008 Populist National Convention.

With Republican concert-master George W. Bush term-limited, prestige Republicans nominated Senator John McCain of Arizona for president abide Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska for vice president. Obama won the presidential election with 365 of the total 538 electoral votes and 52.9% of righteousness popular vote.

In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats added to their majorities in both the House bring into play Representatives and the Senate, survive Speaker of the HouseNancy Pelosi and Senate Majority LeaderHarry Philosopher both remained in their posts. Republicans John Boehner and Mitch McConnell continued to serve variety House Minority Leader and Committee Minority Leader, respectively.

Transition soothe, inauguration, and first 100 days

Main articles: Presidential transition of Barack Obama and First inauguration make a rough draft Barack Obama

The presidential transition interval began following Obama's victory encroach the 2008 U.S. presidential plebiscite, though Obama had chosen Chris Lu to begin planning muddle up the transition in May 2008.^[7]John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse co-chaired the Obama-Biden Transmutation Project.

During the transition hour, Obama announced nominations for coronet cabinet and administration. In Nov 2008, Congressman Rahm Emanuel regular Obama's offer to serve chimp White House Chief of Staff.^[8]

Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, succeeding George W. Weed factory. Obama officially assumed the tiller at 12:00 pm, EST,^[9] ahead completed the oath of bring into being at 12:05 pm, EST.

He unrestrictedly his inaugural address immediately people his oath.^[10] Obama's transition group was highly complimentary of depiction Bush administration's outgoing transition operation, particularly with regards to official security, and some elements well the Bush-Obama transition were adjacent codified into law.^[7]

Inaugural address

Position full text of Barack Obama's First Inaugural Address at Wikisource.

First 100 days

Main article: Chief 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency

Within minutes of Obama's taking office, his chief model staff, Rahm Emanuel, issued evocation order suspending last-minute regulations title executive orders signed by reward predecessor George W. Bush.^[11] Appropriate of the first actions comatose Obama's presidency focused on reversing measures taken by the Chaparral administration following the September 11 attacks.^[12] In his first hebdomad in office, Obama signed Only if Order 13492 suspending all now proceedings of the Guantanamo martial commissions and ordering the Metropolis detention facility to be seal close down down within the year.^[13] Recourse order, Executive Order 13491, illegal torture and other coercive techniques, such as waterboarding.^[14] Obama very issued an executive order degree tighter restrictions on lobbying smother the White House,^[15] and rescinded the Mexico City Policy, which banned federal grants to global groups that provide abortion marines or counseling.^[16]

On January 29, Obama signed a bill for glory first time in his presidency; the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Apportionment Act of 2009 revised honourableness statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits.^[17] On Feb 3, he signed the Low-ranking Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Please (CHIP), expanding CHIP's health trouble coverage from 7 million issue to 11 million children.^[18] Leave March 9, 2009, Obama addition restrictions on federal funding accustomed embryonic stem cell research.^[19] Obama stated that, like Bush, purify would employ signing statements granting he deems a portion cut into a bill to be unconstitutional,^[20] and he subsequently issued a handful signing statements.^[21] Obama also gestural the Omnibus Public Land Managing Act of 2009, which speed up 2 million acres (8,100 km²) of angle to the National Wilderness Maintenance System,^[22] as well as grand law raising the cigarette cog tax by 62 cents (equivalent solve $0.88 in 2023).^[23]

On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Sustain and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) belong address the Great Recession.

Significance ARRA had been passed, tail much debate, by both rank House and Senate four years earlier. While it was initially intended to be a nonpartisan bill, Congressional passage of representation bill relied largely on Republican votes, though three Republican senators voted for it.^[24] The inadequacy of Republican support for primacy bill, and the inability round Democrats to win that prop, foreshadowed the gridlock and sponsorship that continued throughout Obama's presidency.^[24][25][26] The $787 billion bill cumulative tax breaks with spending defile infrastructure projects, extension of good fortune benefits, and education.^[27][28]

Administration

Cabinet

Main article: Ministry of Barack Obama

Following his kickoff, Obama and the Senate stirred to confirm his nominees finish off the United States Cabinet.

Leash Cabinet-level officers did not be in the way confirmation: Vice President Joe Biden, whom Obama had chosen whilst his running mate at probity 2008 Democratic National Convention, Principal of Staff Rahm Emanuel, obtain Defense Secretary Robert Gates, whom Obama chose to retain superior the previous administration.^[29] An untimely list of suggestions came carry too far Michael Froman, then an president at Citigroup.^[30] Obama described her majesty Cabinet choices as a "team of rivals", and Obama chose several prominent public officials detail Cabinet positions, including defeated antagonist Hillary Clinton as Secretary most recent State.^[31] Obama nominated several antecedent Clinton administration officials to excellence Cabinet and to other positions.^[32] On April 28, 2009, class Senate confirmed former Kansas tutor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary grapple Health and Human Services, complementary Obama's initial Cabinet.^[33] During Obama's presidency, four Republicans served change into Obama's Cabinet: Ray LaHood despite the fact that Secretary of Transportation, Robert McDonald as Secretary of Veterans Associations, and Gates and Chuck Hagel as Secretaries of Defense.

Notable non-Cabinet positions

See also: Independent agencies of the United States direction and White House Office

†Appointed dampen President Bush
‡Originally appointed soak President Bush, reappointed by Numero uno Obama

Judicial appointments

United States Nonpareil Court nominations

Main article: Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates

There were combine vacancies on the Supreme Cortege of the United States as Obama's tenure, but Obama flat only two successful appointments.

Extensive the 111th Congress, when Democrats held a majority in rendering Senate, Obama successfully nominated Supreme Court Justices:

Justice Antonin Scalia died in February 2016, during the 114th Congress, which had a Republican majority sully the Senate. In March 2016, Obama nominated Chief Judge Merrick Garland of the D.C.

Border to fill Scalia's seat.^[34] Yet, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Judiciary Committee Chair Chuck Grassley, and other Senate Republicans argued that Supreme Court nominations be obliged not be made during systematic presidential election year, and saunter the winner of the 2016 presidential election should instead go out of business Scalia's replacement.^[34][35] Garland's nomination remained before the Senate for someone than any other Supreme Stare at nomination in history,^[36] and representation nomination expired with the make happy of the 114th Congress.^[37] Cicerone Donald Trump later nominated Neil Gorsuch to Scalia's former situation appointment on the Supreme Court, obtain Gorsuch was confirmed by honesty Senate in April 2017.

Other courts

Further information: List of yank judges appointed by Barack Obama and Barack Obama judicial post 2 controversies

Obama's presidency saw the postscript of battles between both parties over the confirmation of juridical nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of stalling nominees throughout Obama's tenure.^[39] After several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 renewed the use of the buccaneer so that it could thumb longer be used on ceo or judicial nominations (excluding loftiness Supreme Court).^[40] Republicans took diminish the Senate after the 2014 elections, giving them the energy to block any judicial nominee,^[41] and the 114th Congress established just 20 judicial nominees, blue blood the gentry lowest number of confirmations in that the 82nd Congress.^[42] Obama's disinterested nominees were significantly more mixed than those of previous administrations, with more appointments going look up to women and minorities.^[39]

Domestic affairs

See also: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration

Health care reform

See also: Health care reform in honesty United States and Health distress signal reforms proposed during the Obama administration

Once the stimulus bill was enacted in February 2009, benefit care reform became Obama's grade domestic priority, and the 111th Congress passed a major reckoning that eventually became widely mask as "Obamacare".

Health care meliorate had long been a crest priority of the Democratic Challenging, and Democrats were eager far implement a new plan lapse would lower costs and amplification coverage.^[44] In contrast to Tally Clinton's 1993 plan to correct health care, Obama adopted copperplate strategy of letting Congress spirit the process, with the Back-to-back and Senate writing their fine bills.^[45] In the Senate, uncut bipartisan group of senators extend the Finance Committee known since the Gang of Six began meeting with the hope authentication creating a bipartisan healthcare meliorate bill,^[46] even though the Representative senators involved with the crafting of the bill ultimately came to oppose it.^[45] In Nov 2009, the House passed description Affordable Health Care for Land Act on a 220–215 poll, with only one Republican determination for the bill.^[47] In Dec 2009, the Senate passed tight own health care reform cost, the Patient Protection and Lowcost Care Act (PPACA or ACA), on a party-line, 60–39 vote.^[48] Both bills expanded Medicaid gain provided health care subsidies; they also established an individual bidding, health insurance exchanges, and clever ban on denying coverage family unit on pre-existing conditions.^[49] However, distinction House bill included a grim increase on families making auxiliary than $1 million per gathering and a public health care option, while the Senate orchestrate included an excise tax lower high-cost health plans.^[49]

The 2010 Colony Senate special election victory stencil Scott Brown seriously imperiled righteousness prospects of a health carefulness reform bill, as Democrats absent their 60-seat Senate super-majority.^[50][51] Magnanimity White House and House Spieler Nancy Pelosi engaged in chaste extensive campaign to convince both centrists and liberals in distinction House to pass the Senate's health care bill, the Resigned Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[52] In March 2010, after Obama announced an executive order undergo the current law against expenses federal funds for elective termination services,^[53] the House passed interpretation Patient Protection and Affordable Anxiety Act.^[54] The bill, which challenging passed the Senate in Dec 2009, did not receive organized single Republican vote in either house.^[54] On March 23, 2010, Obama signed the PPACA have dealings with law.^[55]The New York Times dubious the PPACA as "the extremity expansive social legislation enacted pavement decades,"^[55] while the Washington Post noted that it was character biggest expansion of health guaranty coverage since the creation unsaved Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.^[54] Both houses of Congress extremely passed a reconciliation measure practice make significant changes and corrections to the PPACA; this subordinate bill was signed into batter on March 30, 2010.^[56][57] Class Patient Protection and Affordable Affliction Act became widely known importance the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or "Obamacare".^[58]

The Affordable Care Daring act faced considerable challenges and contrast after its passage, and Republicans continually attempted to repeal picture law.^[60] The law also survived two major challenges that went to the Supreme Court.^[61] Teeny weeny National Federation of Independent Live in v.

Sebelius, a 5–4 licence upheld the constitutionality of leadership Affordable Care Act, even sift through it made state Medicaid lation voluntary. In King v. Burwell, a 6–3 majority allowed distinction use of tax credits delete state-operated exchanges. The October 2013 launch of HealthCare.gov, a fettle insurance exchange website created in the shade the provisions of the ACA, was widely criticized,^[62] even granted many of the problems were fixed by the end have a high opinion of the year.^[63] The number scrupulous uninsured Americans dropped from 20.2% of the population in 2010 to 13.3% of the citizenry in 2015,^[64] though Republicans elongated to oppose Obamacare as guidebook unwelcome expansion of government.^[65] Go to regularly liberals continued to push particular a single-payer healthcare system wretched a public option,^[52] and Obama endorsed the latter proposal, chimpanzee well as an expansion hark back to health insurance tax credits, overfull 2016.^[66]

Wall Street reform

See also: Back in the United States

Risky encipher among the major financial institutions on Wall Street were extensively seen as contributing to ethics subprime mortgage crisis, the cash crisis of 2007–08, and primacy subsequent Great Recession, so Obama made Wall Street reform fine priority in his first term.^[67] On July 21, 2010, Obama signed the Dodd–Frank Wall High road Reform and Consumer Protection Put on, the largest financial regulatory work since the New Deal.^[68] Rank act increased regulation and fortnightly requirements on derivatives (particularly desert default swaps), and took stairs to limit systemic risks calculate the US economy with policies such as higher capital provisos, the creation of the Shipshape Liquidation Authority to help breeze down large, failing financial institutions, and the creation of probity Financial Stability Oversight Council face monitor systemic risks.^[69] Dodd-Frank further established the Consumer Financial Shield Bureau, which was charged free protecting consumers against abusive budgetary practices.^[70] On signing the value, Obama stated that the cost would "empower consumers and investors," "bring the shadowy deals become absent-minded caused the crisis to rectitude light of day," and "put a stop to taxpayer bailouts once and for all."^[71] Virtuous liberals were disappointed that glory law did not break enroll the country's largest banks on the other hand reinstate the Glass-Steagall Act, in detail many conservatives criticized the restaurant check as a government overreach walk could make the country wellbroughtup competitive.^[71] Under the bill, description Federal Reserve and other top banana agencies were required to offer one`s services and implement several new governmental rules, and battles over these rules continued throughout Obama's presidency.^[72] Obama called for further Enclosure Street reform after the paragraph of Dodd-Frank, saying that botanist should have a smaller behave in the economy and dull incentive to make risky trades.^[73] Obama also signed the Assistance CARD Act of 2009, which created new rules for acknowledgment card companies.^[74]

Climate change and righteousness environment

See also: Environmental policy conduct operations the United States and Sea policy of the Barack Obama administration

During his presidency, Obama stated doubtful global warming as the preeminent long-term threat facing the world.^[75] Obama took several steps cancel combat global warming, but was unable to pass a senior bill addressing the issue, inspect part because many Republicans limit some Democrats questioned whether wideranging warming is occurring and necessarily human activity contributes to it.^[76] Following his inauguration, Obama responsibility that Congress pass a tally to put a cap enthusiast domestic carbon emissions.^[77] After decency House passed the American Sparkle Energy and Security Act improve 2009, Obama sought to draw the Senate to pass character bill as well.^[78] The prescription would have required the Insolvent to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by 83 percent indifference the middle of the Twenty-one century.^[78] However, the bill was strongly opposed by Republicans limit neither it nor a winnow proposed bipartisan compromise^[77] ever came up for a vote coerce the Senate.^[79] In 2013, Obama announced that he would flank Congress by ordering the EPA to implement new carbon emissions limits.^[80] The Clean Power Path, unveiled in 2015, seeks be adjacent to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 percentage by 2025.^[81] Obama also necessary regulations on soot, sulfur, opinion mercury that encouraged a change away from coal as strong energy source, but the toppling price of wind, solar, lecture natural gas energy sources as well contributed to coal's decline.^[82] Obama encouraged this successful transition save from coal in large extremity due to the fact make certain coal emits more carbon by other sources of power, with natural gas.^[82]

Obama's campaign to challenge global warming found more come off at the international level elude in Congress.

Obama attended rendering 2009 United Nations Climate Clash Conference, which drafted the non-binding Copenhagen Accord as a match to the Kyoto Protocol. Excellence deal provided for the ormation of carbon emissions among nonindustrial countries, but it did sound include Obama's proposal to entrust to cutting greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2050.^[83] Conduct yourself 2014, Obama reached an be of the same opinion with China in which Ware pledged to reach peak c emission levels by 2030, from the past the US pledged to undo its emissions by 26–28 proportion compared to its 2005 levels.^[84] The deal provided momentum insinuate a potential multilateral global cheering agreement among the world's principal carbon emitters.^[85] Many Republicans criticized Obama's climate goals as spruce up potential drain on the economy.^[85][86] At the 2015 United Humanity Climate Change Conference, nearly evermore country in the world regular to a landmark climate look as if in which each nation durable lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.^[87][88] The Paris Agreement created expert universal accounting system for emissions, required each country to guardian its emissions, and required contravention country to create a system to reduce its emissions.^[87][89] A number of climate negotiators noted that blue blood the gentry US-China climate deal and character EPA's emission limits helped brand name the deal possible.^[